Civil Engineering Urdu Books Pdf

[Yoshi Heffernan]

In1967, Hassan co-founded the Pakistan Peoples Party, a democratic socialist political party, along with Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and J.A. Rahim.[1] After appointed Finance Minister in Bhutto administration in 1971, his role was critical in aggressively pursuing the nationalization of private sector for establishing the planned economy while he managed the funding of the atomic bomb program when he helped established the Ministry of Science to promote and increase the scientific output of the country.[2]

After leaving the Bhutto administration in 1974, he was appointed as the General-Secretary of the Pakistan Peoples Party, and continue his role as political adviser to Prime Minister Bhutto but become troubled when Bhutto was removed from the office, facing charges of inciting violence by the Zia administration.[1] After retiring from politics in 1980s, Hassan joined the UET Lahore and accepted the position in teaching civil engineering, and was a vital member of the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan.

Mubashir Hassan was born on 21 January 1922 in Panipat, British India into a family that practised medicines as their profession. His mother side of family members descendant to A.H. Hali, an Urdu language poet.[3] He was raised by his mother while his father worked for the government of Hyderabad Deccan.[3] After his matriculation in 1938, Hassan was sent to attend the Government College University in Lahore where his elder brother was studying medicine at the King Edward Medical University but made a transfer to University of Engineering and Technology (UET).[3]

In 1942, Hassan graduated with BSc in civil engineering at age 20, briefly employed as Subdivional Officer (SDO) at the Irrigation department in Amritsar.[3] In 1944, Hassan secured a scholarship to study engineering in the United States, traveled to New York to attend the Columbia University, and graduated with MSc in civil engineering in 1947.[3] Hassan returns to India immediately after the partition took place, and joined the engineering faculty of the UET Lahore.[3] In 1953, he again went to United States to attend the doctoral program in engineering at the Iowa State University, and conferred with PhD in civil engineering in 1955.[3] Upon returning to Pakistan, he joined the UET Lahore, eventually becoming the Chairman of the Department of Civil Engineering in subsequent years.[3]

political philosophy began to take place in 1967, after witnessing the 1965 war with India. In 1967, Hassan published the political manifesto, "A Declaration of Unity of People", advocating for Techno- Democratic socialism in East-Pakistan, during which he was lecturing in the topic of Engineering physics at the Dhaka University.[citation needed]

After gaining appreciation and popularity, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto called Hassan to West-Pakistan where at his house, the Pakistan Peoples Party was founded along with J.A. Rahim in November 1967.[4][5][6] His wide knowledge in ranging from science and politics, Hassan became one of the closest confidants and advisers of Bhutto, and acted on behalf of Bhutto in 1970 to form a coalition government with Mujibur Rahman of Peoples League.[7] After the 1971 Winter war, Hassan was appointed Finance Minister and helped Bhutto establish the Ministry of Science in 1972.[4][2]

His political role in atomic bomb project started in 1972, when Bhutto asked him to meet with Munir Ahmad Khan of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission.[citation needed] Bhutto responded by abolishing several committees dealing with atomic energy in various ministries, and ordered Finance MinisterHassan to manage the finance of the atomic bomb project.[citation needed]Meanwhile, Hassan reportedly worked closely with Munir Ahmad Khan on technical and economical aspects of the atomic bomb project.[citation needed] He remained supportive and administrative figure in Pakistan's non-nuclear proliferation, and monitored Abdul Qadeer Khan's suspicious activities throughout 1976.[7] However, he was soon pulled out after being warned by Bhutto, therefore, Hassan focused his attention on PAEC's efforts.[7]

In 1974, he developed serious issues with Bhutto after Bhutto deposed Malik Meraj Khalid, a Marxist and Law Minister when Bhutto decided to expand the activities of the establishment in the government to keep an eye on Bhutto rivals.[1] In 1974, Hassan resigned from Finance Ministry after learning of this incident, but remained loyal to Bhutto.[1] In 1974, Bhutto finally appointed Hassan as his Science Advisor to the Prime minister Secretariat.[1] As Director of Directorate for Science, Hassan played a significant role in the establishment of Kahuta Project, advising Bhutto on various aspects of atomic bomb project.[2] He objected to the idea of giving the Kahuta Project's responsibilities to Corps of Engineers, but was overruled by Bhutto.[2] However, the progress on atomic bomb project was slowed down after an intensified civil disorder began to take place, shrinking the credibility of Bhutto.[2] Throughout 1976, Hassan made several unsuccessful attempts to bring the leadership of Pakistan National Alliance on table and he was finally arrested by Military Police in 1977.[2] Hassan was placed in Adiala Jail with Bhutto where he spent his next seven years in prison even after Bhutto's execution.[2]

Released in 1984, Hassan joined the UET Lahore's Faculty of Engineering as professor of civil engineering. In 1988, Prime minister Benazir Bhutto made an attempt to appoint him as Finance Minister but he refused to serve after Benazir had planned deregulation of industries.[4] Although, Hassan had retired from any political activism, Hassan continued to write articles in hydraulics engineering and its extended mathematical problems. Hassan also wrote about the economic issues and remained a loyal supporter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and his policies. His articles were regularly published in The News International newspaper, though he was associated with the Pakistan Peoples Party (Murtaza Bhutto) since its inception.[4] In 2011, Hassan visited his native city in India, where Hassan advocated normalisation of Indo-Pakistan relations, and maintained that:

The Optional is the only type of subject that aspirants get to choose in Civil Services Exam (CSE) and whose marks are considered in merit calculation. All the remaining papers are either the same for everyone or are only qualifying in nature Optional subject exam is the key to success in the UPSC CSE. In GS Mains exam, you may not be able to make much of a difference but in Optional, you can even have a lead of 20-50 marks if the choice is good and the efforts have been put in the right direction.

The act of choosing the right optional is quite significant in the UPSC CSE. It is so because the scope of achieving higher marks is more in optional than General Studies (GS) Mains exam or any other category: Although the weightage of the GS Mains exam is 1000 marks, taking average of two-three years, the marks of a GS Mains topper range from 475-525 out of 1000, which is only 50% of the total marks of GS Mains. However, in case of the toppers of optional subjects, the scores range from 350-370 out of 500 which is more than 70% marks. So, even if the weightage of optional subject exam is less than the GS Mains, the possibility of scoring higher marks is much better in the optional exam as compared to GS Mains exam.

The potential of an optional subject in itself creates a huge difference in the total scores of the subjects. For instance, two students appearing for the same optional subject have a higher probability of achieving marks in the same range if their level of preparation is the same. However, if they have two different optional subjects then the difference in their scores is quite likely to be more even in the case of the same level of preparation. Wrong choice of optional subject play a major role in being unable to clear UPSC CSE Mains exams. For two serious candidates, the difference in their GS Mains exam will not be more than 10-15 marks whereas in case of optional subjects, this difference generally increases to 40-60 marks.

We believe that the hierarchy of parameters (priority that should be given to a criterion) while choosing an optional subject should be the same as the sequence in which these criteria are listed.

The competition should not be a criteria because UPSC CSE optional exam is not an intra-subject competition, the competition is among all the students from all the optional subjects. Moreover, there is not any reservation for subjects; no such criteria that a certain percentage of students will be selected from each subject, so competition for choosing a particular option should not be considered as a viable criteria.

A good thing about choosing English as the medium of giving UPSC CSE exams is that the scoring does not vary much from one subject to another. Based on the general trend, the subjects which have the potential to help you score about 330 marks in optional exams (with your immense dedication, ofcourse) are Mathematics, Anthropology, Sociology, any Literature, Public Administration and Geography. Right after them comes History, Law, Management, Commerce & Accountancy.

The strategy should be made ultimately by you. One of the right approaches would be to complete the whole GS syllabus once and then choose the right optional for you. You can either study parallely (multiple exams; GS, essay, Optional, at once) or by pipelining (one by one). Either of the two approaches is fine, provided you have completely studied your optional syllabus before appearing for UPSC Prelims. You should have not only covered your optional syllabus but have also practised answer writing in that subject.

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