Bangla English Grammar Book Pdf

[Margaret Sigars]

Bengaligrammar (Bengali: বল ব্যকরণ Bangla bkrn) is the study of the morphology and syntax of Bengali, an Indo-European language spoken in the Indian subcontinent. Given that Bengali has two forms, Bengali: চলত ভষ (cholito bhasha) and Bengali: সধু ভষ (shadhu bhasha), it is important to note that the grammar discussed below applies fully only to the Bengali: চলত (cholito) form. Shadhu bhasha is generally considered outdated and no longer used either in writing or in normal conversation. Although Bengali is typically written in the Bengali script, a romanization scheme[which?] is also used here to suggest the pronunciation.

Bengali personal pronouns are somewhat similar to English pronouns, having different words for first, second, and third person, and also for singular and plural (unlike for verbs, below). Bengali pronouns do not differentiate for gender; that is, the same pronoun may be used for "he" or "she". However, Bengali has different third-person pronouns for proximity. The first are used for someone who is present in the discussion, and the second are for those who are nearby but not present in the discussion. The third are usually for those who are not present. In addition, each of the second- and third-person pronouns have different forms for the familiar and polite forms; the second person also has a "very familiar" form (sometimes called "despective"). It may be noted that the "very familiar" form is used when addressing particularly close friends or family as well as for addressing subordinates, or in abusive language.

Bengali has no negative pronouns (such as no one, nothing, none). These are typically represented by adding the negative particle ন (na) to indefinite pronouns, which are themselves derived from their corresponding question words. Common indefinite pronouns are listed below.

The relative pronoun য (je) and its different variants, as shown below, are commonly employed in complex sentences. The relative pronouns for animate objects change for number and honor, but those for inanimate objects stay the same.

When counted, nouns must also be accompanied by the appropriate measure word. As in many eastern Asian languages (e.g. Chinese, Japanese, Thai, etc.), nouns in Bengali cannot be counted directly by adding the numeral directly adjacent to the noun. The noun's measure word (MW) must be used in between the numeral and the noun. Most nouns take the generic measure word ţa, although there are many more specific measure words, such as jon, which is only used to count humans.

Like many other Indo-Aryan languages (such as Hindi or Marathi), nouns can be turned into verbs by combining them with select auxiliary verbs. In Bengali, the most common such auxiliary verb is কর (kra, to do); thus, verbs such as joke are formed by combining the noun form of joke (রসকত) with to do (কর) to create রসকত কর. When conjugating such verbs the noun part of such a verb is left untouched, so in the previous example, only কর would be inflected or conjugated (e.g.: "I will make a joke" becomes আম রসকত করব; see more on tenses below). Other auxiliary verbs include দওয় and নওয়, but the verb কর enjoys significant usage because it can be combined with foreign verbs to form a native version of the verb, even if a direct translation exists. Most often this is done with English verbs: for example, "to vote" is often referred to as ভট দওয় (bhot doa, where bhot is the transliteration of "vote").

Bangla also has a future imperative. In the second person familiar, this is formed by changing the vowel in the present imperative. In the second person very familiar, it's the same as the simple present form for that person. For the rest of the persons, the future imperative is the same as the future.

For non-causative verbs (see more on causative verbs below), the verbal infinitive and perfect participle forms require stem transformations according to the principles of vowel harmony. Causative verbs only require stem transformations for forming their perfect participles.

The verbal noun can act like a regular noun, and can therefore take case-endings and classifier particles; additionally it can also function as an adjective. Both the verbal noun and the verbal infinitive are often used in constructions where the infinitive is needed.

Many common sentence constructions, such as those involving obligation, need, and possibility ("I have to", "We must", "He is supposed to", etc.) are built in Bengali without using nominative subjects; instead, the subject is omitted, or often put into the genitive case. These are typically constructed using the verbal noun (or the verbal infinitive in some cases) along with other nouns or verbs.

Any active verb can be turned into a passive one by attaching the auxiliary হওয় to the verbal noun aspect of the verb in question. Only this suffix is conjugated, using the third-person endings for the various tenses. For example: "to eat" is খওয়, so "to be eaten" becomes খওয় হওয়; in the future tense, "will be eaten" would be খওয় হব, where হব is the third-person conjugation for হওয় in the future tense (more information on tenses below).

Bengali has four simple tenses: the present tense, the past tense, the conditional or habitual past tense, and the future tense. These combine with mood and aspect to form more complex conjugations: the perfect tenses, for example, are formed by combining the perfect participles with the corresponding tense endings.

There are three aspects for Bengali verbs: simple aspect, the progressive/continuous aspect, and the perfect. The progressive aspect is denoted by adding prefix the regular tense endings with ছ (for stems ending with consonants) or চ্ছ (for stems ending with vowels), while the perfect aspect requires the use of the perfect participle. These are combined with the different tenses described below to form the various verbal conjugations possible.

The present perfect tense is used to relate events that happened fairly recently, or even past events whose effects are still felt in the present. It is formed by adding the present progressive tense suffixes (see above) with the perfect participle of the verb.

The past perfect tense differs from its usage in English. It's usually used for events that didn't happen recently; over a day ago, for instance, unlike Bangla's simple past (see above). It would usually be translated with English's simple past: I ate, you ran, he read, etc. but it can also be translated with English's past perfect tense: I had eaten, you had run, he had read, etc. It's formed by adding the past progressive tense suffixes (see above) to the perfect participle of the verb.

In less standard varieties of Bengali, "a" is substituted for "e" in second-person familiar forms; thus tumi bolba, khulba, khelba etc. The endings are -bo, -bi, -be, -be, -ben; the তুম and স conjugations are identical in this tense. Forms ending in a consonant do require stem transformations for vowel harmony, but ones ending in a vowel don't.

Bangla is spoken as the majority language in Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal in India, and as a minority language in several other Indian states. With almost 200 million native speakers, it ranks among the top ten languages in the world in number of speakers.

Based on both primary and secondary materials, the CASL Bangla grammar provides comprehensive coverage of the phonology, orthography, morphology, and syntax of Bangla. Plentiful examples of naturally-occurring sentences provide native orthography, Romanization, and morpheme-by-morpheme glossing along with free translations. Unlike many Romanizations of Bangla, our system eschews Sanskritic influence and instead reflects actual Bangla phonology. We also offer comparative information of use to linguists, highlighting features of Bangla shared with the South Asian sprachbund, such as light verb constructions, as well as those that differentiate Bangla from its Indo-Aryan relatives; for example, its unique NP structure.

Written in an accessible style from a theory-neutral perspective, this work will be of use to linguistic researchers, language scholars, and students of Bangla. A formal grammar focusing on the morphology is an available companion work.

A visit to certain historic places can really take one on a trip back in time, to past historic events. That is what happened when standing in front of the one-story school building. It was 287 years ago, around 1734, that a Portuguese Christian priest came to the present Nagrai village of Gazipur. Bangla grammar was first written by this priest, Manuel da Assumpcam.

A elderly man of the area said the surrounding gajari forest was also the abode of tigers 50 years ago. Catholic priest Assumpcam had tried to understand Bangla by talking to the people of the villages in this forest. Learning the language of this region was necessary to preach the religion. So, he had collected many words and wrote these down on paper. But the language had no grammar. So the priest started writing the grammar. He had worked hard for nearly a decade. Having finished the writing, he went to his country Portugal. Then the first Bangla grammar was printed in Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, in 1783.

Many people give credit to Nathaniel Brassey Halhed for writing the first Bangla grammar as Assumpcam's work remained unknown. But Bhashacharya Suniti Kumar Chatterji first found the grammar of Assumpcam in the British Museum Library in 1919. He brought it to the country in 1922. Suniti Kumar and Priyaranjan Sen edited the Bangla Grammar by Manuel da Assumpcam and wrote that Padre Manuel da Assumpcam wrote this Bangla grammar and thesaurus at a large mission of the Portuguese Christians in Nagari or Bhawal of Bangladesh in 1734. Later, Padre Manuel became the main pathfinder to Carey, Marshman and other. Being one of the people who upheld Bangla literature and authored Bangla grammar, Padre Manuel must be respected by all Bangla speaking and literature-loving people. His personality and life is a matter of interest.

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