Corso Di Italiano A2
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Our Goal - is to aid in the preservation of this rare and noble breed through a breeding program designed to promote overall health, stable temperament and appearance as stated by the FCI standard, using dogs from proven lines.
Our Philosophy - We strive for the whole dog - health, stable temperament and type. We feel each is equally important. If a dog does not possess all 3, then it cannot be included in our breeding program. Through selective breeding we hope to increase the number of exceptional specimens of the breed.
The cane corso is a magnificant animal, unique unlike any other. They are strong yet elegant, brave yet affectionate, proud and intelligent. I cannot imagine my life without a Cane Corso in it.
All of our dogs are valued members of the family. They sleep inside with our 2 cats, play outside during the day, get a lot of attention, go on vacations, outings and ride along in the car while we run errands, etc. The dogs are almost never without human interaction. We are located in northern Maryland. We do obedience and agility work with the dogs and show in conformation.
We breed strictly to the Italian standard (FCI Standard). This is the standard set by and used in Italy and 79 other countries in the world. These are Italian Mastiffs. That is precisely why we avidly & proudly use the FCI Italian standard as our blueprint.
The inheritance of different coat colours in the Cane Corso Italiano dog has not been described thus far. We analysed data from 23,271 dogs and bitches using the Cane Corso Italiano Pedigree Database. We are describing for the first time the coat colour segregation ratios in Cane Corso Italiano offspring arising from crosses between parents of all possible coat colour combinations.
Segregation ratios that do not follow a Mendelian pattern suggest that additional genes are active in the determination of coat colour. Segregation ratios of offspring produced by parental crossing (male colour A x female colour B) were compared with the ratios of offspring produced by reciprocal crossing (male colour B x female colour A) in all possible coat colour combinations.
Most of the segregation ratios were the same, but some segregation ratios in reciprocal crosses differed. This result suggests that at least one gene responsible for coat colour is located on a sex chromosome. The sex ratio was analysed in the offspring of all colour groups. A ratio of 1:1 was not confirmed in 8 colour groups by the chi-square test.
We described for the first time coat colour segregation ratios in Cane Corso Italiano dogs. Furthermore, we present the hypothesis that at least one gene responsible for coat colour is located on a sex chromosome.
Coat colour variations in different dog breeds have been a point of interest to breeders and researchers for a long time. The first papers concerning the coat colours of dogs appeared at the beginning of the twentieth century [1].
The Cane Corso Italiano (Fig. 2) is a breed with a great history; however the breed went almost extinct in the mid-twentieth century. Since then, the population of Cane Corsos has grown thanks to selective breeding. This breed was successfully accepted by the Italian Kennel Club (ENCI) in 1994 and was fully recognized by the Federation Cynologique Internationale (FCI) in 2007.
The results of the first research on this breed were described by Korec et al. [25]. In most breeds, a relatively narrow range of colours are allowed within the standard, and in some breeds, all dogs have the same colour pattern. In the Cane Corso Italiano breed, the FCI standard allowed the following colours: black, black brindle, brindle, fawn, grey and grey brindle. The inheritance patterns of different coat colours in the Cane Corso Italiano has not been described so far.
All data regarding the Cane Corso Italiano breed were obtained from the Cane Corso Italiano Pedigree Database [26] (www.canecorsopedigree.com/). Data collection was focused on the coat colour and sex of 82,169 individuals. Individuals without a complete data set were excluded from the analyses (71.7%). Only data of litters with complete information about parents and offspring (28.3%) were used for further analysis.
For the statistical analysis, we used data from 23,271 individuals (dogs, bitches and offspring). The chi-square test [27] was used for statistical confirmation of segregation ratios. A p-value
The main aim of this study was to identify the principles of inheritance of coat colours in Cane Corso Italiano breed. First, we attempted to verify whether the principles of Mendelian inheritance of the coat colour could be applied. Crosses between males and females of the same colour are summarized in Fig. 3.
Black is the most frequent coat colour in the Cane Corso breed. The segregation ratio of the offspring produced by crossing two black parents is summarized in Fig. 3a. Of the offspring, 71.6% were black, and 28.4% were other colours.
These results suggest that the inheritance of coat colour is much more complicated and that additional genes are involved. The segregation ratios of offspring produced by the parental crossing of all possible colour variations suggest that at least one gene responsible for coat colour is located on a sex chromosome. To verify this hypothesis, the sex ratio was analysed in offspring of all colour groups using statistically significant data. A ratio of 50% males and 50% females should be found if all genes responsible for coat colour are located only on autosomes. A ratio of 1:1 was found in most colour groups and was confirmed by the chi-square test. A sex ratio of 1:1 was not confirmed in 8 offspring colour groups by the chi-square test. These offspring colour groups are summarized in Table 1.
We found that crossing black-, fawn- and grey-colour individuals (male and female of the same colour) resulted in a greater than 70% probability that offspring would present the same colour as their parents. On the other hand, the coat colour of offspring arising from crossing individuals of black brindle, grey brindle and brindle was much more dependent on the genetic background. Crossing parents of the same colours can produce a litter with multiple colour variations. This is an important finding because there is a demand for specific colours within the community of breeders.
The results of sex segregation ratios confirmed our hypothesis that at least one gene responsible for coat colour is located on a sex chromosome. It is possible that one of the control mechanisms or biochemical pathways controlling the expression of coat colour could be regulated by sex chromosomes. Our hypothesis is supported by the fact that a gene located on a sex chromosome determines orange colouring in cats. This gene is still unknown, but its effect on coat colouring has been known for decades [1, 28].
In dog coat colour genetics, there are many unknown mechanisms that lead to the expression of some colour phenotypes other than the basic colours (for example, ticking, progressive greying and tweed phenotypes). Hypothetically, the intensity of fawn, red, brindle or grey colours could be affected by gene or genes that are still unknown.
This project was fully funded by ZOO Tbor. ZOO Tbor provided funding in the form of salaries for all of the authors who are also employees of ZOO Tbor. There were no additional costs or paid services used in this study.
EK conceived and designed the study. OC, MB and JK collected the data. MH analysed the data and performed the statistical analyses. EK wrote the manuscript. All authors read, revised, and approved the final manuscript.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
vi comunichiamo la pubblicazione del corso Capire l'italiano per studiare in Italia all'interno della categoria Internazionalizzazione: per gli studenti stranieri e per gli studenti in Erasmus. Il corso, dedicato agli studenti stranieri che studiano all'Universit di Torino, ma aperto a tutti gli interessati, permette di esercitarsi nella comprensione della lingua italiana scritta con particolare riferimento alla lingua italiana delle lezioni universitarie.
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