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Abra Pabst
Treating water often requires more than one technology to achieve the desired quality. Most software for water-treatment plant design does not allow you to optimize multiple-technology systems, requiring separate software and more of your time for setup and management.
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In a truly integrated software, modifications made to any operation automatically propagate throughout the system design, whereas other software requires modifications to be manually entered into the feed of the downstream operation.
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Variations in feedwater temperature, salinity, or pump pressure can influence the apparent productivity and rejection of a membrane system, making it less obvious when a real change in membrane performance has occurred. FT-Norm PRO takes away the guesswork by compensating for these variations.
Note: These answers apply to standard x86-based PC CPUs (Intel and AMD) and Windows (as typically configured for end-users). Other 32-bit or 64-bit chips, other OSes, and other OS configurations can have different tradeoffs.
Allows individual processes to address more than 4 GB of RAM each (in practice, most but not all 32-bit OSes also limit the total usable system RAM to less than 4 GB, not just the per-application maximum).
All pointers take 8 bytes instead of 4 bytes. The effect on RAM usage is minimal (because you're not likely to have an application filled with gigabytes of pointers), but in the worst theoretical case, this can make the CPU cache be able to hold 1/2 as many pointers (making it be effectively 1/2 the size). For most applications, this is not a huge deal.
There are many more general-purpose CPU registers in 64-bit mode. Registers are the fastest memory in your entire system. There are only 8 in 32-bit mode and 16 general purpose registers in 64-bit mode. In scientific computing applications I've written, I've seen up to a 30% performance boost by recompiling in 64-bit mode (my application could really use the extra registers).
Most 32-bit OSes really only let individual applications use 2 GB of RAM, even if you have 4 GB installed. This is because the other 2 GB of address space is reserved for sharing data between applications, with the OS, and for communicating with drivers. Windows and Linux will let you adjust this tradeoff to be 3 GB for applications and 1 GB shared, but this can cause problems for some applications that don't expect the change. I'm also guessing it might cripple a graphics card that has 1 GB of RAM (but I'm not sure). A 64-bit OS can give individual 32-bit applications closer to the full 4 GB to play with.
Application speed is usually faster for a 64-bit application in a 64-bit OS compared to the 32-bit version of the application on a 32-bit OS, but most users won't see this speed-up. Most applications for normal users don't really take advantage of the extra registers or the benefits are balanced out by bigger pointers filling up the cache.
If you have any memory hog applications (like photo editors, video processing, scientific computing, etc.), if you have (or can buy) more than 3 GB of RAM, and you can get a 64-bit version of the application, the choice is easy: use the 64-bit OS.
Some hardware doesn't have 64-bit drivers. Check your motherboard, all plug-in cards, and all USB devices before making the switch. Note that in the early days of Windows Vista, there were lots of problems with drivers. These days things are generally better.
If you run so many applications at a time that you're running out of RAM (usually you can tell this because your computer starts getting really slow and you hear the hard disk drive crunching), then you'll want a 64-bit OS (and sufficient RAM).
It does not directly refer to the size of normal non-pointer registers. However, usage of 64-bit arithmetic registers happens to require that the application and OS be running in 64-bit pointer mode too.
x64 can run x86 commands as well as x64 commands. IA64 runs x86 commands as well, but it doesn't do SSE extensions. There is hardware dedicated on Itanium for running x86 instructions; it's an emulator, but in hardware.
The biggest impact that people will notice at the moment is that a 32bit PC can only address a maximum of 4GB of memory. When you take off memory allocated for other uses by the operating system your PC will probably only show around 3.25GB of usable memory. Move over to 64bit and this limit disappears.
If your doing serious developement then this could be very important. Try running several virtual machines and you soon run out of memory. Servers are more likely to need the extra memory and so you will find that 64bit usage is far greater on servers than desktops. Moore's law ensures that we will have ever more memory on machines and so at some point desktops will also switch over to 64bit as the standard.
Nothing is free: although 64-bit applications can access more memory than 32-bit applications, the downside is that they need more memory. All those pointers that used to need 4 bytes, now they need 8. For example, the default requirement in Emacs is 60% more memory when it's built for a 64-bit architecture. This extra footprint hurts performance at every level of the memory hierarchy: bigger executables take longer to load from disk, bigger working sets cause more paging and bigger objects mean fewer fit in the processor caches. If you think about a CPU with a 16K L1 cache, a 32-bit application can work with 4096 pointers before it misses and goes to the L2 cache but a 64-bit application has to reach for the L2 cache after just 2048 pointers.
On x64 this is mitigated by the other architectural improvements like more registers, but on PowerPC if your application can't use >4G it's likely to run faster on "ppc" than "ppc64". Even on Intel there are workloads that run faster on x86, and few run more than a 5% faster on x64 than x86.
A 32-bit operating system on an ix86 system with PAE can address up to 64 GB of RAM. A 64-bit operating system on x86-64 can access up to 256 TB of virtual address space, though this may be raised in subsequent processors, up to 16 EB. Note that some operating systems limit the address space further, and most motherboards will have additional restrictions.
Not sure I can answer all your questions without writing a whole essay (there's always Google...), but you don't need to design your apps differently for 64bit. I guess what is being referred to is that you have to be mindful of things like pointer sizes are no longer the same size as ints. And you have a whole load of potential problems with inbuilt assumptions on certain types of data being four bytes long that may no longer be true.
This is likely to trip up all kinds of things in your application - everything from saving/loading from file, iterating through data, data alignment, all the way to bitwise operations on data. If you have an existing codebase you are trying to port, or work on both, it is likely you will have a lot of little niggles to work through.
I think this is an implementation issue, rather than a design one. I.e. I think the "design" of say, a photo editing package will be the same whatever the wordsize. We write code that compiles to both 32bit and 64bit versions, and the design certainly does not differ between the two - it's the same codebase.
The fundamental "big deal" on 64bit is that you gain access to a much larger memory address space than 32bit. This means that you can really chuck in more than 4Gb of memory into your computer and actually have it make a difference.
In terms of detecting the difference then programatically you just check for the size of a pointer (e.g. sizeof (void*)). The answer of 4 means its 32 bits, and 8 means you are running in a 64bit environment.
A 32 Bit process has a virtual addresses space of 4 GB; this might be too little for some apps. A 64 Bit app has a virtually unlimited address space (of course it is limited, but you will most likely not hit this limit).
On OSX there are other advantages. See the following article, why having the kernel run in 64 Bit address space (regardless if your app runs 64 or 32) or having your app run in 64 Bit address space (while the kernel is still 32 Bit) leads to much better performance. To summarize: If either one is 64 Bit (kernel or app, or both of course), the TLB ("translation lookaside buffer") doesn't have to be flushed whenever you switch from kernel to use space and back (which will speed up RAM access).
Also you have performance gains when working with "long long int" variables (64 Bit variables like uint64_t). A 32 Bit CPU can add/divide/subtract/multiply two 64 Bit values, but not in a single hardware operation. Instead it needs to split this operation into two (or more) 32 Bit operations. So an app that works a lot with 64 Bit numbers will have a speed gain of being able to do 64 Bit math directly in hardware.
Last but not least the x86-64 architecture offers more registers than the classic x86 architectures. Working with registers is much faster than working with RAM and the more registers the CPU has, the less often it needs to swap register values to RAM and back to registers.
Note that addressspace can be used for more than (real) memory. One can also memory map large files, which can improve performance in more odd access patterns because the more powerful and efficient block-level VM level caching kicks in. It is also safer to allocate large memory blocks on 64-bit since the heapmanager is less likely to encounter address-space fragmentation that won't allow it to allocate a big block.
Some of the things said in this thread (like the doubling of # registers) only apply to x86-> x86_64, not to 64-bit in general. Just like the fact that under x86_64 one guaranteed has SSE2, 686 opcodes and a cheap way to do PIC. These features are strictly not about 64-bit, but about cutting legacy and remedying known x86 limitations
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