Agora Full Movie
Jkobe Peoples
In ancient Greek cities, an agora was an open space serving as an assembly area and a place for commercial, civic, social, and religious activities. Use of the agora varied in different periods. Located in the middle of the city or near the harbor, it was often enclosed by public buildings, covered areas containing shops, and stoas for protection from sun and bad weather. The highest honor for a citizen was to be granted a tomb in the agora.
The Ancient Agora of Athens was situated beneath the northern slope of the Acropolis. The Ancient Agora was the primary meeting ground for Athenians, where members of democracy congregated affairs of the state, where business was conducted, a place to hang out, and watch performers and listen to famous philosophers. The importance of the Athenian agora revolved around religion. The agora was a very sacred place, in which holiness is laid out in the architecture of the ground upon which it lay. The layout of the agora was centered around the Panathenaic Way, a road that ran through the middle of Athens and to the main gate of the city, Dipylon.[5] This road was considered tremendously sacred, serving as a travel route for the Panathenaic festival, which was held in honor of the goddess Athena every four years. The agora was also famously known for housing the Temple of Hephaestus, the Greek god of metalworking and craftsmen. This temple is still in great condition to this day. Other temples priorly standing in the agora include honor for Zeus, Athena, Apollo, and Ares.[6]
The agora was usually located in the middle of a city or near the harbor. Agoras were built of colonnades, or rows of long columns, and contained stoae, also known as a long open walkway below the colonnades.[7] They were beautifully decorated with fountains, trees, and statues. When the Athenian agora was rebuilt after the Greco-Persian Wars, colonnades and stoae were not incorporated.[8]
This Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) was designed using as main baseline the Communities of Practice carried out in the context of the Pro PALOP-TL SCI, the EU-funded UNDP multi-country south-south and triangular cooperation Programme for consolidating Economic Governance and Public Finance Management Systems (PFM) in the PALOP-TL countries (Angola, Cabo Verde, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique, Sao Tome and Prncipe, Timor-Leste). These Communities of Practice gather annually PFM state and non-state actors from the PALOP-TL countries (plus Brazil and Portugal) to exchange experiences and share best practices on good management of Public Finances, budget transparency and accountability.
The course focuses on the role of parliaments and Supreme Audit Institutions (SICs) in parliamentary oversight and external control (audit) of public accounts and expenditures, but also on the emerging involvement of civil society in monitoring these accounts and their impact on public policies. The four modules of the course explain financial management and the budget cycle, introduce the supreme audit institutions (ISC) and illustrate the relationship between parliaments and audit institutions in the PALOP and Timor-Leste.
This Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) is partially based on the content of three High-Level Working Groups of PALOP-TL Parliamentary Budget Committees, organized in the context of the Pro PALOP-TL SAI, the EU-funded UNDP multi-country south-south and triangular cooperation Programme for consolidating Economic Governance and Public Finance Management Systems (PFM) in the PALOP-TL countries (Angola, Cabo Verde, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique, Sao Tome and Prncipe, Timor-Leste).
The course analyzes how Parliaments, Supreme Audit Institutions and Civil Society Organizations can strengthen their capacities to ensure that countries have more inclusive, accountable and transparent public budgets for the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. When held accountable, Governments plan and spend effectively reflecting the needs of citizens, in line with the SDG national targets.
This Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) deals with the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) on parliaments and parliamentary life, as well as strategies for dealing with the exposure that ICTs bring to the work and personal lives of parliamentarians and parliamentary staff. ICTs are a trigger for the openness, accessibility and accountability of parliaments. These technologies act as a two-way channel of interaction between parliament and citizens. ICT tools are not only transforming interpersonal communications, but also information sharing, the functioning of the workplace and forms of political mobilization around the world.
For Parliaments, ICT tools are an essential enabler of greater transparency, accessibility and accountability, as well as a two-way channel for citizen engagement. This course focuses on opportunities to make the institution of Parliament more effective, efficient, transparent and better equipped to reach out to citizens. The course was conceived in the context of the Pro PALOP-TL SAI, the EU-funded UNDP multi-country south-south and triangular cooperation Programme for consolidating Economic Governance and Public Finance Management Systems (PFM) in the PALOP-TL countries (Angola, Cabo Verde, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique, Sao Tome and Prncipe, Timor-Leste).
This Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) uses the Pro PALOP-TL SAI Gender Responsive Budgeting and Oversight Standard Methodology. The methodology uses gender-responsive budgeting as a tool to enhance parliamentary oversight and social monitoring of public expenditures focusing on their impact on gender equality issues and policies.
The course familiarizes users with Gender-Responsive Budgeting and its application in the budgetary process, as well with best practices for mainstreaming gender into sustainable development plans and Medium-Term Expenditure Frameworks.
The course content consists of several video-based lectures from renown professionals, who will share with you academic and practical knowledge about the socioeconomic impact of COVID19 & major disruptive events and what the public financial management response has been.
O nosso curso de aprendizagem eletrnica sobre a Mesa Redonda de Industria Extrativa e Grandes Obras Pblicas (Mesa Redonda de IE e FP) est agora disponvel em Portugus no Portal de Aprendizagem Eletrnica. O curso foi elaborado pelo Projeto para o Reforo das Competncias Tcnicas e Funcionais das Instituies Superiores de Controlo (ISC), Parlamentos Nacionais e Sociedade Civil para o Controlo das Finanas Pblicas nos PALOP e Timor-Leste (Pro PALOP-TL ISC). Este projeto inteiramente financiado pela Unio Europeia e diretamente administrado pelo PNUD.
This 'Parliaments in Practice: an Introduction' course is designed for legislators who are new to parliament, and for parliamentary staff, practitioners, donors, civil society organisations and others who want to learn about how parliament works.
The term Agora (pronounced ah-go-RAH) is Greek for 'open place of assembly' and, early in the history of Greece, designated the area in a city where free-born citizens could gather to hear civic announcements, muster for military campaigns, or discuss politics. It later designated the open-air marketplace of a city.
The agora of Athens is the best-known, though the term was used in other city-states for their public spaces where events of the day were discussed, merchants had their shops, and craftspeople sold their wares. Agora is therefore also understood to mean an assembly of people as well as where they meet. The agora of Athens was located below the Acropolis near the building which today is known as the Theseion (the Temple of Hephaestus), and open-air markets are still held in that same location today. The site is frequently referenced as the birthplace of democracy since it was here that political discussions and arguments gave rise to that concept.
The agora was important because it was where the community congregated to discuss events of the day, politics, religion, philosophy, and legal matters. The agora served the same purpose in ancient Athens as the town square and town hall in later societies. Like the later town centers, the agora was a cultivated area adorned with trees, gardens, fountains, colonnaded buildings, statues, monuments, and shops selling assorted goods.
The Athenian agora played host to later philosophers after Socrates such as Diogenes of Sinope (l. c. 404-323 BCE) who actually lived there on the streets, Crates of Thebes (l. c. 360-280 BCE) and his wife Hipparchia of Maroneia (l. c. 350-280 BCE), who did the same, and Saint Paul (l. c. 5 - c. 64 CE), who preached there at the Areopagus. According to the biblical Book of Acts 17:16-33, Paul encountered the Stoics and the Epicureans at the Athenian agora and preached the news of the gospel of Jesus Christ to them there.
The area of the agora was in use in the Neolithic Period as evidenced by archaeological finds including tools. In time, the area came to be used as a burial ground, and this usage was developed further during the period of the Mycenaean civilization (c. 1700-1100 BCE). The Mycenaeans established themselves at Athens by c. 1400 BCE, constructing a large fortress on the Acropolis overlooking the area which would become the agora.
Written laws were first instituted by the statesman Draco (l. 7th century BCE), but these were considered harsh and restrictive and so were reformed by the lawgiver and statesman Solon (l. c. 630 - c. 560 BCE) c. 594 BCE who broke the hold of the upper class on political participation and opened it to all Athenian citizens. He divided the citizenry into four classes based on their income from property. The Areopagus, which had formerly been the meeting place of the upper-class Archons, was now open for political discussions by any male citizen of Athens.
The agora became the center of political and social life in the 6th century BCE and developed accordingly. The main area became the marketplace surrounded by public and municipal buildings and carefully beautified with fountains, parks, trees, and statuary. All of this would be destroyed in the Persian invasion of 480 BCE.
c80f0f1006