美国研究人员日前称,他们发现了一项冠状病毒的主要特征,这将有助于解释SARS病毒如何侵入宿主并实现跨物种传播。
研究人员一般认为,SARS病毒起源于蝙蝠继而又感染果子狸,而后感染人类。而其它普通的冠状病毒却只能导致普通感冒和义膜性喉炎。
康奈尔大学研究人员在美国《国家科学院院刊》(PNAS)网络版上发表的文章称,他们在冠状病毒上发现两个被称为裂解点的位置,病毒主结构蛋白在此分
裂,该过程会使病毒进入宿主细胞。目前其中一个裂解点已得到证实,科学家们判断,另一个裂解点可能是以一种高致病性冠状病毒的变异毒株形式存在,这种病
毒一般被称为传染性支气管炎病毒。这一发现为研究人员寻找第二裂解点的位置提供了线索,因为在传染性支气管炎病毒同样的位置上他们也发现了这种裂解
点。
研究人员发现,病毒在进入细胞后往往会紧贴在细胞表面的受体之上,但不同类型细胞的受体会对病毒传播形成障碍。但是,SARS病毒第二裂解点上的一个小
变化会让冠状病毒绕过细胞受体进入大多数的细胞中,其中也包括了不同物种的细胞。该发现将为查明病毒毒株提供一个新线索,并为开发新的疗法提供可能。
负责该研究的康奈尔大学加里·惠特克副教授说:“虽然SARS病毒来得快去得也快,但它却能在非常短的时间内在不同的物种间实现传播。根据裂解点,我们
现在就可以预测出可能出现的新病毒。”研究人员发现,第一裂解点上的变化可以增强病毒的感染能力,而第二裂解点上的变化则会导致病毒产生更强的毒性。惠
特克认为,冠状病毒的变异可能是从第一个裂解点的变化开始的,而后第二个也会随之变异。
研究人员认为,他们的发现还对冠状病毒传染猫科动物所导致的腹膜炎提供了新的认识。正如人们预计的,腹膜炎病毒的感染能力也是由于两个裂解点的变化出现
的,对腹膜炎病毒的研究可能会有助于更深入地理解SARS病毒。此外,对该病毒的研究也将有助于人们对类似疾病的控制。
(《国家科学院院刊》(PNAS),doi: 10.1073/pnas.0809524106,Sandrine Belouzard,Gary
R. Whittaker)
Activation of the SARS coronavirus spike protein via sequential
proteolytic cleavage at two distinct sites
Sandrine Belouzard, Victor C. Chu and Gary R. Whittaker,1
+Author Affiliations
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
Edited by Peter Palese, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY,
and approved February 11, 2009 (received for review September 26,
2008)
Abstract
The coronavirus spike protein (S) plays a key role in the early steps
of viral infection, with the S1 domain responsible for receptor
binding and the S2 domain mediating membrane fusion. In some cases,
the S protein is proteolytically cleaved at the S1–S2 boundary. In the
case of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
it has been shown that virus entry requires the endosomal protease
cathepsin L; however, it was also found that infection of SARS-CoV
could be strongly induced by trypsin treatment. Overall, in terms of
how cleavage might activate membrane fusion, proteolytic processing of
the SARS-CoV S protein remains unclear. Here, we identify a
proteolytic cleavage site within the SARS-CoV S2 domain (S2′, R797).
Mutation of R797 specifically inhibited trypsin-dependent fusion in
both cell–cell fusion and pseudovirion entry assays. We also
introduced a furin cleavage site at both the S2′ cleavage site within
S2 793-KPTKR-797 (S2′), as well as at the junction of S1 and S2.
Introduction of a furin cleavage site at the S2′ position allowed
trypsin-independent cell–cell fusion, which was strongly increased by
the presence of a second furin cleavage site at the S1–S2 position.
Taken together, these data suggest a novel priming mechanism for a
viral fusion protein, with a critical proteolytic cleavage event on
the SARS-CoV S protein at position 797 (S2′), acting in concert with
the S1–S2 cleavage site to mediate membrane fusion and virus
infectivity.
PNAS April 7, 2009 vol. 106 no. 14 5871-5876