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Betty Neyhart
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Page vPreface. Before the institution of slavery became fixed as the leading feature of the labor system in the cotton growing area of the United States, the manufacturing interests in this area prospered more than in any other part of the country. As the production of cotton with slave labor was found to be more profitable and attractive, the institution of slavery grew in magnitude and importance, while manufacturing interests were neglected and allowed to languish.
The abolition of slavery, as a result of the Civil War, completely upset the system of labor previously in vogue. The former condition had become a semi-feudal one, with such modifications as modern civilization made necessary.
The abolitionists went far past the point of reasonable good judgment. The slaves were all Africans, or of African descent. Some of the most recently imported ones were trained from a savage condition, and all of them were without education or training, except for work on a plantation. These were at once given the right of suffrage and full rights of citizenship, on terms of equality with their former owners. This brought about a condition of semi-anarchy, in which the energy of the Anglo-Saxon element was sorely taxed to maintain their social supremacy and civilizing influence. Nothing prospered during the quarter of a century through which this lasted. Promptly, however, upon the restoration of stable government, a revival of manufactures commenced, which has grown steadily, and is still growing.
In my work as engineer, I have had so many inquiries from people, living in the cotton growing area, for "full information about the cotton manufacturing business," that I have prepared this book to supply, to some fair extent, the data, and such discussion of the same as, I hope, will give a good general idea of the subject.
Page viContents.
- CHAPTER I.
COTTON AS A FACTOR IN PROGRESS.--
The Cotton Gin. Old Gin House. Improved Gin House. Increase in Cotton Planting. Value of seed. - CHAPTER II.
VALUES IN COTTON.--
Cotton Monopoly. Foreign Crops. How to Increase Profits in Cotton Growing. Prosperity of Manufacturing Communities. Overproduction. - CHAPTER III.
ORGANIZATION OF COMPANY.--
Subscription List. By-Laws. Salaries. - CHAPTER IV.
LOCATION AND SURROUNDINGS.--
Water Supply. Raw Material. Labor. - CHAPTER V.
RAISING CAPITAL.--
The Installment Plan. By-Laws. Foreign Capital. - CHAPTER VI.
INVESTMENTS, COSTS, PROFITS.--
First Cost of Various Size Mills. Cost of Operation. Output. Labor Required. Cotton Consumed. Profits. Tables Showing Result of Operations on Different Kinds of Goods. Page vii - CHAPTER VII.
BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTING.--
Mill Book-Keeping Compared with Mercantile Book-Keeping. Two Different Series of Books. Grouping of Accounts. Mill Reports. Monthly Financial Statements. Annual Statements. Depreciation. Surplus. Blank Forms. - CHAPTER VIII.
LABOR.--
White and Colored Operatives. Labor Laws. Church and School. - CHAPTER IX.
OPERATIVES HOMES.--
New Designs. Specifications for Modern Cottages. - CHAPTER X.
POWER.--
Relative Cost of Steam and Water Power. Water required. Fuel required. Wood Compared with Coal. Electric Transmission of Power. - CHAPTER XI.
SALE OF PRODUCTS.--
Commission Houses. Commissions Discounts. Reclamations. Freight Charges. Blank Forms. - CHAPTER XII.
TEXTILE EDUCATION.--
Foreign Methods. Technical Education in Other Lines. Courses of Study. Page viii - CHAPTER XIII.
ROAD BUILDING AND BROAD TIRES.--
Good Roads Follow Mill Building. How to Build Roads. Relation of Vehicle to Road. Roads in Mecklenburg County, N. C. Convict Labor. Cost of Road Building. Cost of Repairs. Government Tests. - CHAPTER XIV.
MISCELLANEOUS.--
Insurance and Fire Protection. Standard Equipments. Mill Construction. Warehouses. Lighting. Heating. Plumbing. Humidifying. Size of Buildings. Horse Power Required. Profits. Mill Management. - CHAPTER XV.
FARM AND FACTORY.--
Cotton Manufacturing as an Aid to Agriculture. Markets Made for Farm Produce by Factory Operatives. Food Crops Made Saleable. Cotton a Surplus Crop. - CHAPTER XVI.
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES.-- - CHAPTER XVII.
STATISTICAL TABLES AND NOTES.-- - APPENDIX.
ESSAYS ON DOMESTIC INDUSTRY.--
Written in 1845, by William Gregg, of South Carolina
Cotton as a factor in progress. The development of the production of cotton in the Southern States within a single century, from insignificant proportions to 11,000,000 bales a year, considered in all its relations to our industrial progress, is without a parallel in history. First of all, it is a sufficient answer to the charge so often made against the South that its people are without enterprise or mechanical ingenuity. It may not be going too far to assert that everything the northern part of the Union has accomplished, put together, has not affected the welfare of so many people in the world or reached so far in its effects as the development of this industry in the South.
It may be answered. "The South is the only section of this country adapted to the production of cotton; if it would grow as well in the North, a different showing might have been made by that section." But cotton grows in India, in Egypt, in China, and in South America. Therefore it may be truly said that a people cannot be without enterprise, who, in competition with such a wide-spread cotton area,--in many parts of which the plant has been cultivated for several centuries--in less than one hundred years, are able to show a production far exceeding that of all the rest of the world.
In 1820, the cotton crop of the United States amounted to about 400,000 bales; in 1892, the yield reached nearly 9,000,000 bales. During the greater part of this interval of 72 years, the price has ranged from ten to twelve cents per pound. But sometimes the price has been as low as five cents, and as high as twenty-seven cents, leaving out of account the years of the war (1860 to 1864.) when the South practically ceased cotton production. Estimating 500 pounds to the bale, and the price at ten cents per pound, the crop of 1820 was worth, in round numbers, $20,000,000. On the same basis, the Page 2crop of 1892 was worth $450,000,000. This great increase in cotton production has been made in a section to which there has been no such constant tide of immigration as has been experienced by other parts of the United States, and, for this reason alone, the result reflects great credit upon the native population which has accomplished it.
This wonderful achievement is the result of three things combined, namely: (1) the enterprise and energy of the people; (2) the invention of the cotton-gin; and (3) the designing of buildings and mechanical appliances by which the gin may be economically operated.
The Cotton Gin. It seems to be the generally accepted opinion that the successful production of large cotton crops in the United States is due to the invention of the gin alone. While this has been an essential element in the problem, yet Egypt, India, and South America, which also have the advantages of perfected gins, due to the inventions made in America, produce cotton neither so cheaply nor in such large quantities as it is produced in the Southern States.
A machine having been invented that would separate the lint from the seed, there was need at once for a suitable house in which to operate it, and some power to drive it. Mule-power was the most available, and wood was the most suitable material, both for the building and for the machinery to be employed in utilizing the power. Therefore, a series of wooden wheels, gears, and levers were devised by someone whose name is now lost. The house was built on posts in such a way that the machinery could be operated by mules underneath it. Considering the limited facilities at hand, this running-gear for the utilization of mule-power exhibited marked mechanical ingenuity and adaptability, the lack of which, in other countries, prevented such results in the production of cotton as were attained here in ante-bellum days.
When the gin, the gin-house with its appliances, and the baling-screw had all been developed to a condition of practical success, the production of cotton then became very profitable. The desire to embark in the business Page 3Fig. 1. Diagram of Cotton Gin, with Feeder and Condenser.
made a demand for labor and increased the price of slaves. The slaves in the Northern States were purchased, and still more were needed, which demand was partly supplied by the African slave trade, the ships of England and New England doing the carrying business.
Slavery existed in New England about one hundred years before it was widespread in the South. Up to the time when the inventions just described gave such a stimulus to cotton planting, general manufactures had prospered more in the South than in any other part of the Union. As late as 1810, according to the United States census for that year, the manufactured products of Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia exceeded in variety and value those of all New England. While the production of cotton remained profitable, the growth of slavery gradually stifled Southern manufacturing interests. And as another result of slavery no further improvements were made in the appliances and the methods of preparing cotton for market. The standard ante-bellum gin, gin-house, and screw were practically the same in 1860 as in 1820. Many of those of 1860 were larger and finer than those built a quarter of a century earlier, but there was scarcely a new idea in the design. During this period of forty years the inheritor of slaves had become an aristocrat; the cunning mechanical skill of his forefather was temporarily lost. But, while lost temporarily, it lived in the bones of the people, because no sooner had the late war ended, wiping slavery out of existence, than one improvement after another in cotton production appeared in rapid succession. Before the war mule-power, slave-labor, and wooden machinery were in universal use for the preparation of cotton for market. Every plantation had its gin and gin-house, and, barring only the separation of the lint from the seed and baling, all the operations in handling cotton were performed by man power. The cotton was picked by hand, carried into the gin-house in baskets, and to the gin by laborers, and fed to the gin by laborers; pushed into the lint room and carried to the screw and packed in the box of the screw and bound withFig. 2. Old Plantation Gin House and Screw.
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