[Chimica Ambientale Zanichelli Pdf 16
Virginie Fayad
La chimica della stratosfera; lo strato di ozono; il buco dell'ozono; la chimica dell'inquinamento dell'aria a livello del suolo; inquinamento dell'aria outdoor e indoor; l'effetto serra; uso dell'energia, emissioni di CO2 e cambiamento climatico globale; biocombustibili e altri combustibili alernativi; le tecnologie per l'energia rinnovabile; pesticidi; diossine, furani e PCB; altri composti organici tossici di interesse ambientale
Acquisire le conoscenze generali dei concetti di base della chimica ambientale per la comprensione e l'approfondimento degli argomenti affrontati nei corsi precedenti. Lo scopo di questo corso acquisire i concetti fondamentali dei fenomeni chimici e biologici che avvengono nell'ambiente naturale e l'interazione delle sostanze chimiche (fonti, funzioni, reazioni, trasporto, effetti e destino) negli ecosistemi (acqua, aria, suolo e organismi viventi).
Il corso articolato in 48 ore di lezioni frontali svolte dal docente in cui verr esposta la teoria con molteplici esempi pratici di chimica verde. Nel suo lavoro personale lo studente dovr assimilare conoscenze e concetti alla base della chimica ambientale.
Allo studente data la possibilit di sostenere due prove scritte di autovalutazione in itinere, strutturate in modo analogo all'esame scritto, ma limitate al programma svolto fino a quel momento, con successiva correzione. Lo studente potr avvalersi del materiale didattico (dispense, articoli scientifici, ecc.) messo a disposizione sul sito web di Ateneo (sharepoint). Il docente disponibile per ricevimento studenti nei giorni indicati sulla scheda insegnamento e su ruchiesta inoltrata via e-mail.
The chemistry of the stratosphere; the ozone layer; the ozone hole; the chemistry of air pollution at ground level; outdoor and indoor air pollution; the greenhouse effect; use of energy, CO2 emissions and global climate change; biofuels and other alternative fuels; renewable energy technologies; pesticides; dioxins, furans and PCBs; other toxic organic compounds of environmental interest.
Acquire the general knowledge of the basic concepts of environmental chemistry for understanding and deepening the topics addressed in previous courses. The aim of this course is to acquire the fundamental concepts of chemical and biological phenomena occurring in the natural environment and the interaction of chemical substances (sources, functions, reactions, transport, effects and destiny) in ecosystems (water, air, soil and living organisms).
The course is divided into 48 hours of lectures conducted by the teacher in which the theory will be exposed with multiple practical examples of green chemistry. In his personal work the student will have to assimilate knowledge and concepts at the base of environmental chemistry.
The exam consists in passing a written test lasting 90 minutes, during which the student, by performing exercises or answering questions, must apply the knowledge acquired during the course. During the course, two assessments will be carried out
periodicals through written verification tests, lasting 90 minutes each. Passing both assessment tests with at least 18/30 will exempt the student from the written test. In the absence or insufficiency of periodic checks, the student will have to take the written test on the dates indicated in the exam calendar. The final evaluation will be expressed in thirtieths and will take into account the outcome of the written test.
The student is given the opportunity to take two written self-assessment tests in progress, structured similarly to the written exam, but limited to the program carried out up to that point, with subsequent correction. The student will be able to make use of the didactic material (lecture notes, scientific articles, etc.) made available on the University website (sharepoint). The lecturer is available to receive students on the days indicated on the teaching sheet and on inquiry sent by e-mail.
The atmosphere. Chemical composition and stratification of the atmosphere, energy balance of the earth. Unit of measurement of gas concentrations, Dobsonian unit for ozone.
Stratosphere chemistry. The ozone layer. Electromagnetic radiation important for the environment. Principles of photochemistry. Stratospheric ozone formation reaction, non-catalytic and catalytic ozone destruction. Mechanism of stratospheric ozone depletion in Antarctica. Chlorine chemistry in the stratosphere above the Arctic. Chlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorochlorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons, their decomposition reactions.
Troposphere chemistry. Photochemical smog: formation mechanism, causes, final products, transport and consequences. Acid rain and consequences. Particulates in air pollution, chemical processes of inorganic and organic particulate formation. Pollution of the confined environment.
Greenhouse effect. Distribution of energy levels associated with IR and UV transitions, the possible vibrational motions of molecules, IR spectra of CO2, H2O and CH4. Sources of CO2, combustion of C, CH4. Proposed mechanisms for chemical removal of CO2.
Toxic organic molecules. Classification of pesticides. Organochlorine insecticides. LD50, LOD50. Bioaccumulation, bioconcentration factor and partition coefficient. Toxaphene, cyclopentadienes. Organophosphorus insecticides. Carbamates. Natural insecticides. Inorganic and organic herbicides, triazine herbicides. Phenoxial phosphate herbicides and by-products: tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Polychlorinated diphenyls and dibenzofurans. Elimination of polychlorinated diphenyls. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Formation mechanism, lipophilicity, bioaccumulation, biomagnification, factors that determine toxicity. Toxicity equivalence factor. Environmental estrogens.
Pollution from energy production. Oil and its distillation. Gasoline, kerosene, gas oil. Gasoline additives. Natural gases and other alkanes. Alcoholic fuels: methanol and ethanol, advantages and toxicity. Hydrogen as fuel? Production and storage.
L'insegnamento si inserisce nel generale obiettivo del corso di studio di fornire un'approfondita preparazione culturale nell'analisi sistemica dell'ambiente naturale. A tal fine, l'insegnamento volto all'acquisizione delle conoscenze relative ai meccanismi chimici alla base dei processi ambientali e dei fenomeni di inquinamento, incluse le dinamiche delle componenti abiotiche dell'ambiente, le loro interazioni e le normative ambientali di riferimento. In aggiunta, si acquisiranno competenze specifiche per valutare e gestire i cambiamenti di origine naturale e antropica degli ecosistemi per quanto riguarda processi chimici ed inquinamenti di natura chimica, nonch per pianificare e gestire interventi di risanamento ambientale nel contesto della normativa vigente e delle migliori tecnologie disponibili.
This course shares the general goal of providing a detailed knowledge of the systemic analysis of the natural environment. Therefore, the student will acquire skills concerning the chemical mechanisms behind the environment processes and the pollution phenomena, the dynamics of the abiotic environmental components, their interactions, as well as the environmental legislation. Moreover, the student will receive specific know-how to assess and manage the natural and anthropic changes in the ecosystems, as far as chemical processes and pollution are concerned. This knowledge will allow for the planning and management of environmental restoration practices in the framework of existing legislation and best available technologies.
L'insegnamento prevede di fornire nozioni e strumenti utili ad approfondire la capacit di analisi sistemica dell'ambiente naturale e gli aspetti di funzionamento degli ecosistemi nonch gli strumenti normativi, imprescindibili per comprendere al meglio il funzionamento dell'ambiente e per intervenire su di esso. La formazione a vocazione ambientale del corso di Scienze dei Sistemi Naturali sar quindi completata e arricchita dalle seguenti competenze:
Occorrer essere in grado di descrivere gli aspetti principali dei comparti ambientali e le loro caratteristiche, elencare le tecnologie disponibili per il controllo delle emissioni inquinanti e per la bonifica di matrici contaminate, illustrare le normative vigenti in campo ambientale e catalogare le differenti problematiche ambientali e le migliori strategie per affrontarle.
Al termine dell'insegnamento, si dovr essere in grado di collegare aspetti ambientali, tecnologici e normativi e di effettuare valutazioni di massima relative agli aspetti tecnologici e normativi del controllo dell'inquinamento.
La capacit di comunicazione multidisciplinare il principale risultato dell'insegnamento. Infatti, occorrer essere in grado di affiancare la terminologia tecnica a quella relativa ai processi ambientali e di concorrere alla risoluzione dei problemi relativi alla gestione ambientale.
This course aims at providing the student with knowledge and instruments useful to systemically analysing the natural environment, the functioning of the ecosystems as well as the legislation. This piece of knowledge is essential to understand the functioning of the environment and to operate on it. The environmental expertise will be complements by the following competences:
The student shall be able to describe the main features of the main environmental compartments, know the available technologies for pollution control and environmental remediation as well as the current environmental legislation, and to define the main environmental problems and the best strategies to tackle them.
The course will also provide multidisciplinary communication skills concerning in particular the ability to connect technical and environmental terminologies, and the ability to concur to the solution of environmental management problems.
The student will acquire conceptual tools to understand the complexity of environmental processes and will develop methodological and technical skills for the analysis, evaluation and mitigation of the environmental impact correlated to human activities. The student should be able to correctly apply the regulations for the assessment of air and water quality in the contexts of the sector.
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