(Practicum) Is there an Industry Standard for PF&D%
Moderator
moderated by IIE. There was a good discussion regarding PFD and an
excerpt is printed here for those of you who do not yet have a (free)
Linked In account.
The entire question from Eileen Spann from AeroVironment, is listed
here in it's entirety.
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Is there an Industry Standard for PF&D %?
Is PF&D a function of cycle time (i.e would an operator have greater
fatigue on shorter, more repetitive, cycle times as compared to longer
cycle times)?
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Responses to the question above are listed below.
Keith Padgett (Mark Knuckles Assoc.)
No doubt you will get differing information but in my experience I
find wide variation in PF&D based on the job and its environment. I
also find differing industries have settled into different
"acceptable" ranges of PF&D. For accuracy, I've found it best to apply
personal and fatigue factors to individual elements (lifting vs.
unloaded travel, etc.) and not the entire standard. Delay can be
calculated from multi-machine inteferrances and other documented
unavoidable delays. The exact P & F allowances to add contain some
subjectivity and I'm sure there are many references available to read
how to apply and define differing criteria. Over the years I have
found the information from military standards and a condensed chart
from The International Labour Office to be good guidelines. You can
find the ILO chart in many textbooks along with how to apply the
allowances in special instances. This chart along with calculations
for applying fatigue to heavy loads and short cycles is in one of the
text I have taught from - B.W. Niebel's "Motion and Time Study. For a
quick reference I believe this would be a good starting place and as
long as there are no sever environmental factors in play should give
you a sound standard.
Stephen Mercadante (Cooper Notification)
I think the answer is, each industry is different. The IE's role is to
assess if one uniform allowance can be reasonably applied to all
standard work in the factory or if there needs to be separate or
greater allowances for one job over the other. As an example, let's
take the medical device world in a clean room. The time to don a full
bunny suit to enter, leave for personal break would be greater than in
an industry that just wears a smock or no cover-all. This difference
is unique and obvious to this situation. …
Bob McClure, (Applied Medical)
In most light assembly work a 15% PF&D factor is adequate. When the
conditions become more arduous such as a forging shop where high heat
and heavy lifting are required, studies need to be carried out to
determine what that factor might be. The personal, fatigue and delay
in light assembly work can be modified if you understand what its
components are:
7 1/2% for fatigue and 71/2 % to cover breaks and unavoidable delays.
…
Chris Durand
PF&D should not apply to avoidable delay but that's debated. Also, it
can not be expected that a time and motion study is correct the first
run. Data should be collected from other sources to determine if the
new standard is slack. Any change in devices, environment, culture,
training, etc will alter the time. Even an experienced IE familiar
with MTM will return to make adjustments and verify the standard.
Bob McClure, (Applied Medical)
But when I was building standard data, the PF&D factor was applied by
the work element so that if an element of the job required a higher
factor it was done to produce the standard elemental time. We had a
table of values that we worked with to accomplish that end.
Chris Durand
Notice that Bob Standard includes the PF&D
too often PF&D is added again to the standard. This of course inflates
the time comfortably.
Jerel Williams (Logistics Planning)
I've worked on labor standards and found it easier to sell PF&D % to
workers if I defined it clearly. It varies by policy and job, but an
example calculation is:
Time per 8 hour day
Work Time 400 min
Personal Time 36 min detail below
Fatigue 24 min observed rest time in time studies
Delay 20 min Supervisor time and wait on work (not controllable)
Total Time 480 min PF&D= 20% (80/400 min)
Personal Time
morning break 15 paid by policy
travel to/from 2 varies by facility layout
afternoon break 15 paid by policy
travel to/from 2 varies by facility layout
lunch 0 not paid by policy
travel to/from 2 varies by facility layout
Total 36
Chris Durand
Just so we're all clear:
Standard Time is a portable value.
Time Standard (allowed time) is a dependant value based on current
conditions. Don't ask me why the founding IEs had such a subtle
syntax. It's been more than a pain in my life.