Ying Yong Bao App
Roselee Kruppa
During the Jiaqing reign, with the corrupt and ineffective official military establishment of the Eight Banners and Green Standard Army incapable of curbing the White Lotus Rebellion, the Qing court began to order local gentry and landowners in all ten provinces to organise tuanlian for self-defense, with both funding and control in the hands of local gentry and landowners.[1]
Yong (Chinese:勇), literally "braves", was the official name for members of the militia, which was recruited from the local civilian (Han Chinese) population. These "braves" were grouped into units or battalions (ying), known as the "Yong Ying". Yong were not regarded as part of the official imperial army of Eight Banners or Green Standard, with their funding and logistics provided by civilian society, not the imperial governments.
The Xiang Army, a "Yung-ying" army in Qing dynasty China, was separate from the Manchu Eight Banners and Green Standard Army. It used modern weapons and the officers were never rotated, so relationships formed between officers and the troops, unlike in the Green Standard and Banner forces.[2]
Although rations came from public funds, the yung-ying troops were nevertheless grateful to the officers of the battalion for selecting them to be put on the rolls, as if they had received personal favours from the officers. Since in ordinary times there existed [between the officers and the troops] relations of kindness as well as mutual confidence, in battle it could be expected that they would see each other through hardship and adversity.[3]
The soldiers of the Yong ying militias were often poorly equipped with Jingals, swords, spears and antiquated firearms though they did possess modern firearms it was not the norm. They were often poorly housed in barracks and left idle with many becoming addicted to opium and gambling. The commanders of these militias however gained vast power becoming appointed to the positions of governor-generals and governors between 1861 and 1890 of the 44 governor-generals appointed 20 were militia commanders and of the 117 governors appointed in the same time period over 52 were militia commanders with 25% of the governors not possessing the 2 highest grades of the imperial civil service exam[4]
My research focused on chronic kidney disease and therapeutic effect of natural medicines by pharmacology, biochemistry, metabolomics and lipidomics techniques. I also am studying the oxidative stress, inflammation, and pro-fibrotic pathways of chronic kidney disease and tubulo-interstitial diseases, molecular biology of kidney gene expression.
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Fragmented or otherwise miniaturized plastic materials in the form of micro- or nanoplastics have been of nagging environmental concern. Perturbation of organismal physiology and behavior by micro- and nanoplastics have been widely documented for marine invertebrates. Some of these effects are also manifested by larger marine vertebrates such as fishes. More recently, possible effects of micro- and nanoplastics on mammalian gut microbiota as well as host cellular and metabolic toxicity have been reported in mouse models. Human exposure to micro- and nanoplastics occurs largely through ingestion, as these are found in food or derived from food packaging, but also in a less well-defined manner though inhalation. The pathophysiological consequences of acute and chronic micro- and nanoplastics exposure in the mammalian system, particularly humans, are yet unclear. In this review, we focus on the recent findings related to the potential toxicity and detrimental effects of micro- and nanoplastics as demonstrated in mouse models as well as human cell lines. The prevailing data suggest that micro- and nanoplastics accumulation in mammalian and human tissues would likely have negative, yet unclear long-term consequences. There is a need for cellular and systemic toxicity due to micro- and nanoplastics to be better illuminated, and the underlying mechanisms defined by further work.
Ying Yang received her BS (1996) and MS (1999) from the Central South University (China) and Ph.D. (2004) from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, major in Materials Science and Engineering. She then worked as a Material Scientist at CompuTherm LLC from 2005 to 2010. She joined the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 2012 as a research staff member in the Alloying Behavior and Design Group.
YingyongBiographical informationNationalityAir NomadsEthnicityAir NomadPhysical descriptionSkin typeFurPersonal informationPronounsHe/him[1]AlliesJinpa, Flying Opera CompanyEnemiesYunWeapon of choiceAirFighting styleAirbendingPolitical informationPositionJinpa's flying bisonAffiliationAir NomadsChronological informationFirst appearance"Past Lives"Last appearance"Home Again"Yingyong was a flying bison loyal to Jinpa. After his master became secretary to Avatar Kyoshi, Yingyong became a primary method of transportation for the Avatar and her companions.[2]
As a calf, Yingyong was attacked by a predator and lost his left forelimb. As an adult, the injury caused him to list slightly to the side while flying, and Jinpa had to tug on his reins in the opposite direction every so often to keep a straight course.[1]
Jinpa and Kyoshi flew on Yingyong as they made their way from Ba Sing Se to the Fire Nation Capital to celebrate the Festival of Szeto. As they passed the ruins of Yangchen's island, Kyoshi received a head-splitting vision from Avatar Kuruk, and fell from Yingyong's saddle into the Mo Ce Sea below. Jinpa dove down to rescue Kyoshi, and Yingyong floated in the water, growling with worry. After Kyoshi assured the airbender that she was fine, they continued to the capital. Yingyong was well-cared for in the palace stables.[1][3]
The morning after the palace garden party, while Jinpa groomed Yingyong, an upset Rangi came in and offered to assist. Hei-Ran and Atuat told Jinpa to adjust the saddle for five people, as they would be joining Kyoshi and Rangi in their journey to North Chung-Ling. Yingyong flew Kyoshi's companions to the city, and stayed by a forested slope as the Avatar and her friends went into town.[2][4]
Kyoshi and Jinpa later used Yingyong to fly to the town's melonyam fields so Kyoshi could assess the cause of the writing in the crops. She and Jinpa proceeded to ride Yingyong to take Lady Huazo from North Chung-Ling to a safehouse in Capital Island.[5] Flying to the palace, they proceeded to take Chaejin to the house so that they could force the Saowon clan to confess to conspiring with Yun. At one point, Kyoshi threatened to drop Chaejin from the saddle, but after Kuruk guided her away from senseless violence, she realized that they were innocent.[6]
Jinpa later circled above the Avatar mansion in Yokoya so that he could aid Kyoshi, Rangi, Wong, and Kirima in their final battle against Yun. After Kyoshi's companions were wounded, he tried to bring down Yingyong to help the others, but Yun sent a hedge of stone spears at the airbender and bison, taking a chunk of fur out of Yingyong's tail and then running Jinpa through the shoulder and pinning him to the saddle horn. Yingyong flew Jinpa away, who was later healed by Kyoshi.[7]
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