Integrated Microelectronic Devices Physics And Modeling

[Janne Evers]

6720 examines the physics of microelectronic semiconductor devices for silicon integrated circuit applications. Topics covered include: semiconductor fundamentals, p-n junction, metal-oxide semiconductor structure, metal-semiconductor junction, MOS field-effect transistor, and bipolar junction transistor. The course emphasizes physical understanding of device operation through energy band diagrams and short-channel MOSFET device design. Issues in modern device scaling are also outlined. The course is worth 2 Engineering Design Points.

Microelectronics is a 50-year-old engineering discipline still undergoing rapid evolution and societal impact. Integrated Microelectronic Devices: Physics and Modeling fills the need for a rigorous description of semiconductor device physics that is relevant to modern nanoelectronics. Emphasis is devoted to frequency response, layout, geometrical effects, parasitic issues and modeling in integrated microelectronics devices (transistors and diodes). This book further aims to provide a realistic technology context for main stream devices: the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) and the bipolar junction transistor (BJT). The concepts learned here are highly applicable in other device contexts: solar cells, light emitting diodes, lasers, sensors, etc.

This book is based on the authors experience in teaching 6.720J/3.43J Integrated Microelectronic Devices, a semester-long graduate student subject jointly offered in the Departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) and Materials Science and Engineering (MS&E) at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Typically, the class is composed of graduate students in EECS, Materials Science, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Physics plus a few seniors in the same departments. Graduate students in EECS and MS&E with interest in semiconductor materials and devices are strongly encouraged to take this subject their very first semester at MIT. While the book originated in a graduate course at MIT, it has been constructed to be productively used in an advanced undergraduate subject at the junior/senior level, as explained below.

There are two distinct parts to this book. The first five chapters introduce fundamental aspects of semiconductor physics pertaining to microelectronic devices: band structure, electron statistics, generation and recombination, drift and diffusion, and minority and majority carrier situations. Each chapter gives in its main body a general description suitable for a junior/senior-level or a first-year graduate course. These chapters also include at the end a number of advanced topics that can be selected individually to provide further depth. These can be the basis of a more advanced graduate subject.

Six device chapters follow with a similar outline. After a brief introductory section, the main body of the chapter presents a first-order, physically meaningful description of device physics and operation of an ideal device. The ideal device is stripped down to its very essence, preserving the key physics, and is analyzed in a simple and intuitive way. The ideal device, constructed and analyzed this way, constitutes an excellent vehicle to learn device physics at the junior/senior level. One or more sections follow that present significant non-idealities, important second-order effects and other considerations that are relevant in ''real" devices. These are suitable topics for graduate courses. To some extent, teachers of graduate subjects will be able to pick and choose topics from these latter sections since they are rather independent of each other. Every chapter finishes with a set of advanced topics that contain more advanced graduate-level material also amenable to individual selection.

With this organization, the text should be suitable for a one-semester junior/senior-level course by selecting the front sections of selected chapters (1 through 9 should be a popular set). At the same time, it could be used in a two-semester senior-level or a graduate-level course by taking advantage of the more advanced sections. In all cases, the book will provide plenty of reading material for personal study and future reference.

6.2030 Electronics First Laboratory

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Prereq: None. Coreq: Physics II (GIR)

Units: 4-4-4

Practical introduction to the design and construction of electronic circuits for information processing and control. Laboratory exercises include activities such as the construction of oscillators for a simple musical instrument, a laser audio communicator, a countdown timer, an audio amplifier, and a feedback-controlled solid-state lighting system for daylight energy conservation. Introduces basic electrical components including resistors, capacitors, and inductors; basic assembly techniques for electronics include breadboarding and soldering; and programmable system-on-chip electronics and C programming language. Enrollment limited.

S. B. Leeb

6.2040 Analog Electronics Laboratory

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Prereq: 6.2000

Units: 2-9-1

Experimental laboratory explores the design, construction, and debugging of analog electronic circuits. Lectures and laboratory projects in the first half of the course investigate the performance characteristics of semiconductor devices (diodes, BJTs, and MOSFETs) and functional analog building blocks, including single-stage amplifiers, op amps, small audio amplifier, filters, converters, sensor circuits, and medical electronics (ECG, pulse-oximetry). Projects involve design, implementation, and presentation in an environment similar to that of industry engineering design teams. Instruction and practice in written and oral communication provided. Opportunity to simulate real-world problems and solutions that involve tradeoffs and the use of engineering judgment.

Staff

6.2060 Microcomputer Project Laboratory

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(Subject meets with 6.2061)

Prereq: 6.1910, 6.2000, or 6.3000

Units: 3-6-3

Introduces analysis and design of embedded systems. Microcontrollers provide adaptation, flexibility, and real-time control. Emphasizes construction of complete systems, including a five-axis robot arm, a fluorescent lamp ballast, a tomographic imaging station (e.g., a CAT scan), and a simple calculator. Presents a wide range of basic tools, including software and development tools, programmable system on chip, peripheral components such as A/D converters, communication schemes, signal processing techniques, closed-loop digital feedback control, interface and power electronics, and modeling of electromechanical systems. Includes a sequence of assigned projects, followed by a final project of the student's choice, emphasizing creativity and uniqueness. Provides instruction in written and oral communication. To satisfy the independent inquiry component of this subject, students expand the scope of their laboratory project.

S. B. Leeb

6.2061 Microcomputer Project Laboratory - Independent Inquiry

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(Subject meets with 6.2060)

Prereq: 6.1910, 6.2000, or 6.3000

Units: 3-9-3

Introduces analysis and design of embedded systems. Microcontrollers provide adaptation, flexibility, and real-time control. Emphasizes construction of complete systems, including a five-axis robot arm, a fluorescent lamp ballast, a tomographic imaging station (e.g., a CAT scan), and a simple calculator. Presents a wide range of basic tools, including software and development tools, programmable system on chip, peripheral components such as A/D converters, communication schemes, signal processing techniques, closed-loop digital feedback control, interface and power electronics, and modeling of electromechanical systems. Includes a sequence of assigned projects, followed by a final project of the student's choice, emphasizing creativity and uniqueness. Provides instruction in written and oral communication. Students taking independent inquiry version 6.2061 expand the scope of their laboratory project.

S. B. Leeb

6.2080 Semiconductor Electronic Circuits

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Prereq: 6.2000

Units: 3-2-7

Provides an introduction to basic circuit design, starting from basic semiconductor devices such as diodes and transistors, large and small signal models and analysis, to circuits such as basic amplifier and opamp circuits. Labs give students access to CAD/EDA tools to design, analyze, and layout analog circuits. At the end of the term, students have their chip design fabricated using a 22nm FinFET CMOS process.

Staff

6.6000 CMOS Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design

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Prereq: 6.2090

Units: 3-0-9

A detailed exposition of the principles involved in designing and optimizing analog and mixed-signal circuits in CMOS technologies. Small-signal and large-signal models. Systemic methodology for device sizing and biasing. Basic circuit building blocks. Operational amplifier design. Principles of switched capacitor networks including switched-capacitor and continuous-time integrated filters. Basic and advanced A/D and D/A converters, delta-sigma modulators, RF and other signal processing circuits. Design projects on op amps and subsystems are a required part of the subject.

Staff

6.6220 Power Electronics

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Prereq: 6.2500

Units: 3-0-9

The application of electronics to energy conversion and control. Modeling, analysis, and control techniques. Design of power circuits including inverters, rectifiers, and dc-dc converters. Analysis and design of magnetic components and filters. Characteristics of power semiconductor devices. Numerous application examples, such as motion control systems, power supplies, and radio-frequency power amplifiers.

Staff

6.6280 Electric Machines

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Not offered regularly; consult department

Prereq: 6.2200, 6.690, or permission of instructor

Units: 3-0-9

Treatment of electromechanical transducers, rotating and linear electric machines. Lumped-parameter electromechanics. Power flow using Poynting's theorem, force estimation using the Maxwell stress tensor and Principle of virtual work. Development of analytical techniques for predicting device characteristics: energy conversion density, efficiency; and of system interaction characteristics: regulation, stability, controllability, and response. Use of electric machines in drive systems. Problems taken from current research.

J. L. Kirtley, Jr.

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