(once independent, now in France -) Brittany's interesting history
lyra
Brittany's history is, I think,
little known to most.
Those of British Celtic descent may already know that
long ago there was a migration to Brittany -
e.g. the name Cornouaille, is from "Cornwall".
Interestingly I note that Brittany was still independent
when the French King attacked the Templars.
However, as Catholics the Bretons were under the rule of the
(puppet) Pope of course.
..................................................................................................
Yes, I've yet another (two) reason(s)
for interest in Brittany -
it makes an (online) holiday trip -
could do with one -
and Rebecca Marlowe,
of great interest to all who would like to know more about
the Marlowe family,
- she could even be Christopher Marlowe's child (born 1592, maybe in
London)
- though I don't think so,
but maybe Anthony (Muscovy Company) Marlowe's (?)
- married Thomas Josselin/Jostlin,
of the family originally from
Chateau Josselin, Brittany.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
lyra
...........................................................
Brittany - History and Culture
home > general info > history
Breton history
*
Old Breton history goes back to the Paleolithic Era (before 5000
BC), when hunter-gatherers roamed the country.
*
Between 3500 and 1500 BC, new a new people came to Brittany from
the Mediterranean who brought with them their traditions and religion.
*
Later the Celts arrived and settled in the Eastern parts of the
country.
*
In the first Century BC, the Romans conquered Brittany.
*
In the 3rd century AD, Christianity arrived.
....................................................................................
Culture and Language
*
The people of Brittany had many religious and heathen beliefs,
miraculous fountains, holy stones and supernatural legends are but a
few of them.
*
The Breton language is the only Celtic language spoken on the
continent. Like in Scotland, Wales and Ireland on the British Isles,
there is a real movement in favour of keeping the old Celtic language
alive in Brittany today. It is supported by dynamic cultural
associations and some local communities.
previous: climate in Brittany | next: Brittany regions
(from
http://www.discover-brittany.info/generalinfo_historyculture.htm )
..........................................................................................................................................................................
lyra
Brittany's history
The earliest evidence of human occupation in Armorica dates back to the
Palaeolithic period (700 000 BC).
In 56 BC, after the defeat of the Veneti by Caesar, the whole country
was annexed by Rome for 4 centuries.
The Bretons, living in what is now Great Britain, emigrated to Armorica
in the 5th century.
They colonised and revitalised the region, converting it to
Christianity. They also "re-Celticised" it renaming it "Little
Britain" (Britannia Minor).
Celtic expansion continued until the 9th century.
In 845, Nominoë defeated Charles the Bald, King of the Franks. He
offered Brittany virtually total independence.
Following the defeat of the Normans, the Duchy of Brittany was created
in 939.
>From 1364 to 1468, Brittany enjoyed a golden age under the rule of the
Dukes of Montfort during a period of material wealth and considerable
intellectual and artistic richness.
Union with France
In 1491, Duchess Anne was married to Charles VIII and subsequently
Louis XII, King of France from 1499.
This was a first step towards the unification of Brittany and France,
definitively confirmed by publication in 1532 of the edict of the Union
of Brittany with France.
(from
http://www.tourismebretagne.com/eng/connaitre/histoire.cfm )
............................................................................................................................................................................
lyra
......................................................
History of Brittany
Iron Age
A variety of tribes are mentioned in Roman sources, like the Veneti,
Armoricani, Osismii, Namnetes and Coriosolites. Strabo and Poseidonius
describe the Armoricani as belonging to the Belgae.
Roman rule
Main article Armorica.
In 56 BC the area was conquered by the Romans under Julius Caesar. The
Venetian notables were killed or sold off as slaves. The Romans called
the district Armorica (a Latinisation of a Celtic word meaning "coastal
region"), part of the Gallia Lugdunensis province. The modern
département of Côtes-d'Armor has taken up the ancient name. After the
reforms of Diocletian, it was part of the dioceses Galliarum.
The uprising of the Bagaudae in the 3rd century led to unrest and
depopulation, numerous villages were destroyed. Thick layers of black
earth in the towns point to urban depopulation as well.
The rule of Constantine (307-350) led to a certain renaissance,
Numerous coins were minted. At the tractus Armoricanus, new forts were
built, for example at Brest, Avranches and Le Yaudet. The Notitia
Dignitatum (circa 400AD) mentions a number of local units manning the
Tractus armoricanus et nervicanus, for example Mauritanian troops in
the territory of the Veneti and Osismii. Frankish laeti were present in
Rennes. Christianisation is commonly dated to the late fourth century,
but material evidence is rare.
.......................................................................................................................................
Early Middle Ages
After the Roman withdrawal, Some British authors (Nennius, Gildas)
mention Britons fleeing to Armorica to escape the invading Anglo-Saxons
and Scoti.
However, modern archaeology would place the beginnings of the British
migration to Armorica in the Roman period, perhaps from the end of the
3rd century.
These Britons gave the region its current name and contributed to the
Breton language, Brezhoneg, a sister language to Welsh and Cornish.
(Brittany used to be known in English as Little Britain to distinguish
it from Great Britain - the street in London called Little Britain was
the location of the embassy of the Duchy of Brittany).
The earliest text in the Breton language, a botanical treatise, dates
from 590 (for comparison, the earliest text in French dates from 843)
[1].
In the Early Middle Ages, Brittany was divided into three kingdoms -
Domnonia, Cornouaille, and Bro Waroc'h - which eventually were
incorporated into the Duchy of Brittany.
The first unified Kingdom of Brittany was founded by Nominoë in 845
when the Breton army defeated the forces of Charles the Bald, King of
France, at the Battle of Ballon, in the eastern part of Brittany near
Redon and the French border.
The French army was defeated once again in 851 at the Battle of
Jengland by the Breton army of King Erispoë and consequently King
Charles of France recognised the independence of Brittany.
......................................................................
Middle Ages
Special articles, see
* Duchy of Brittany
* Montfort of Brittany
Bretons took part in the Revolt of 1173-1174, siding with the rebels
against Henry II of England. Henry's son Geoffroy II, then heir
apparent to the Duchy of Brittany, resisted his father's attempts to
annex Brittany to the possessions of the English Crown. Geoffroy's son
Arthur did likewise during his reign (1186-1203) until his death,
perhaps by assassination under John Lackland's orders.
In 1185, Geoffroy II signed "Count Geoffrey's Assise" which forbade the
subdivision of fiefs, thereby reinforcing the Breton feudal system.
In 1213, with the aim of strengthening his power in Brittany, king
Philip August of France introduced the Capetian prince Peter Mauclerc
of Dreux as administrator of the duchy and tutor of his son, duke Jehan
of Brittany. It was Peter Mauclerc who introduced the use of ermines in
the Breton coat of arms and came to espouse the cause of his fief's
independence with respect to France.
The Breton War of Succession was fought 1341-1364. The parties were the
half-brother of the last duke, John of Montfort (supported by the
English) and his niece, Joanna of Penthièvre, who was married to
Charles of Blois, nephew of the king of France.
This protracted conflict, a component of the Hundred Years' War, has
passed into legend (see for example Combat of the Thirty and Bertrand
de Guesclin). Its outcome was decided at the Battle of Auray in 1364,
where the House of Montfort was victorious over the French party. After
the first Treaty of Guérande, Joanna of Penthièvre abdicated her
claims to the dukedom in favour of John the Conqueror. A modified form
of Salic law was introduced in Brittany as a result.
In the midst of the conflict, in 1352, the États de Bretagne or
Estates of Brittany were established. They would develop into the
Duchy's parlement.
Deserted by his nobles, duke John IV left for exile in England in 1373.
The higher nobility of that time, like the house of Coetmen-Penthievre,
or the house of Rougé, descendents of the former kings of Brittany,
strongly suported the Penthievre side and nearly extincted in the
repeated fights between Montfort and Penthievre's troops. The king of
France Charles V named as lieutenant-general of Brittany his brother,
the duke of Anjou (also a son-in-law of Joanna de Penthièvre).
In 1378, the king of France sought to annex Brittany, which provoked
the Bretons to recall John IV from exile. The second Treaty of
Guérande (1381) established Brittany's neutrality in the Anglo-French
conflict, although John continued to swear homage to Charles VI.
In 1420, duke John V was kidnapped by the count of Penthièvre, son of
Joanna of Penthièvre. John's wife, duchess Joanna de France besieged
the rebels and set free her husband, who confiscated the Penthièvre's
goods.
In 1464 the Catholicon, a Breton-Latin-French dictionary by Jehan
Lagadeuc, was published. This book was the world's first trilingual
dictionary, the first Breton dictionary and also the first French
dictionary.
The army of the Kingdom of France with the help of 5000 mercenaries
came from Switzerland and Italy defeated the Breton army in 1488 and
the last and old Duke of independent Brittany Francis II was forced to
submit to a treaty giving the King of France the right to determine the
marriage of the Duke's daughter, a young girl 12 years old, the heir to
the Duchy.
The Duchess Anne was the last independent ruler of the duchy as she was
ultimately obliged to marry Louis XII of France. The duchy passed on
her death to her daughter Claude, but Claude's husband Francis I of
France incorporated the duchy into the Kingdom of France in 1532
through the Edict of Union between Brittany and France, which was
registered with the Estates of Brittany.
...................................................
Early modern Brittany
After 1532, Brittany retained a certain fiscal and regulatory autonomy,
which was defended by the États de Bretagne despite the rising tide of
royal absolutism. Brittany remained on the whole strongly Catholic
during the period of the Huguenots and the Wars of Religion, although
Protestantism made some headway in Nantes and a few other areas.
>From 1590-98, during the War of the Catholic League, Philippe-Emmanuel,
Duke of Mercoeur (governor of Brittany and husband of the countess of
Penthièvre) sought to have himself proclaimed Duke of Britanny and
allied with Philip II of Spain. The latter, on the other hand,
considered establishing his daughter Isabella at the head of a
reconstituted Brittany. Henri IV, however, brought Mercoeur to an
honourable surrender.
During the era of Colbert, Brittany benefited from France's naval
expansion. Major ports were built or renovated at Saint-Malo, Brest,
and Lorient, and Bretons came to constitute a leading component of the
French navy. Bretons played an important role in the colonization of
New France and the West Indies (see French colonisation of the
Americas).
.............................................................................................
Since the 1940s, use of the Breton language has declined precipitously.
In most Breton-speaking communities, it has become uncommon for
children born since 1945 to acquire much of the language as French
becomes universalized. On the other hand, Breton has enjoyed increasing
support among intellectuals and professionals since the 1970s.
(from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Brittany )
..............................................................................................................................................................................
On Jan 5, 1:15 pm, "lyra" <mountain_qu...@RockAthens.com> wrote:
>
> (quote, excerpts)
>
> Brittany's history
>
> The earliest evidence of human occupation in Armorica dates back to the
> Palaeolithic period (700 000 BC).
>
> In 56 BC, after the defeat of the Veneti by Caesar, the whole country
> was annexed by Rome for 4 centuries.
>
> The Bretons, living in what is now Great Britain, emigrated to Armorica
> in the 5th century.
>
> They colonised and revitalised the region, converting it to
> Christianity. They also "re-Celticised" it renaming it "Little
> Britain" (Britannia Minor).
>
> Celtic expansion continued until the 9th century.
>
> In 845, Nominoë defeated Charles the Bald, King of the Franks. He
> offered Brittany virtually total independence.
>
> Following the defeat of the Normans, the Duchy of Brittany was created
> in 939.
>
> >From 1364 to 1468, Brittany enjoyed a golden age under the rule of theDukes of Montfort during a period of material wealth and considerable
lyra
(quote, excerpts)
...........................................................................
A BRIEF HISTORY OF BRITTANY
Compiled By Judy Drew
ANCIENT AMOR
B.C
Peninsula inhabited by little known people who erect Megaliths
600
Arrival of the Celts who call the peninsula AMOR (the country of the
sea)
56
Caesar destroys the fleet of the Veneti tribe, conquers Amor and for
the next 4 centuries, Roman civilization does its work
A.D.
Barbarian invasion returns the province to near savagery
460
Immigration of the British Celts who are driven from Britain by the
Angels and the Saxons. Over the next 2 centuries, the Celts convert the
area to Christianity and rename the peninsula LITTLE BRITAIN
799
Charlemagne subjugates Brittany
THE DUCHY OF BRITTANY
826
Louis the Pious creates Nominoe of Vannes Duke of Brittany.
Nomino brings all Brittany under his authority and defeats Charles the
Bold near Redon, ending Frankish suzerainty. He founds independent Duke
Dynasty which lasts for over a century.
851
Erispoe (son of Nominoe) takes the title King of Brittany. He is
assassinated by his cousin Salomon who reigns from 857. He extends
Brittany to include Anjou and Cotentin. Salomon was assassinated in 874
919
Norseman invade.
939
King Alain Barb-Tort drives out the Normans
952
King Alain Barb-Tort dies. Local nobles defy his successors and the
peninsula returns to disorder and poverty which lasts nearly into the
14th century
1341
The War of Succession begins on the death of Duke Jean de Monfort III.
Jean ne de Penthiévre, wife of Charles of Blois, supported by the
French fights her brother Jean de Monfort, ally of the English for the
Duchy
1364
Charles of Blois defeated and killed at Auray. Brittany is ruined once
again by war.
.
THE MONTFORTS
1364
to
1468
The house of Montfort restores Brittany and there follows a brilliant
period. The arts flourish and the Dukes pay homage to France in theory
only. They are regarded as sovereigns. Constable de Richemont, the
companion in arms to Joan of Arc, succeeds his brother as Duke of
Brittany
1483
Duke Francois II who has entered into the coalition against the regent
of France is defeated at St Aubin du Cormieu and dies. His daughter
Anne of Brittany succeeders him.
BRITTANY REUNITES WITH FRANCE
1491
Anne of Brittany marries Charles VIII but remains Duchess and sovereign
of Brittany
1499
Charles VIII dies and Anne returns to the Duchy
1499
Louis XII repudiates his wife and marries Anne of Brittany, who remains
Duchess of Brittany, which remains separate from France
1514
Anne of Brittany dies and is succeeded by her daughter Claude of
France. She marries Francois of Angoulmême, later Francois I of France
1532
Claude cedes her Duchy to Francois I who has this permanent reunion of
Brittany and France ratified at the Parliament of Vannes
.
FRENCH BRITTANY
1588
Brittany rebels against its Governor, The Duke of Mercoer, who
attempting to profit from the League tries to seize the province.
Bandits like the famous La Fontenelle ravage the country
1598
Henry IV ends religious strife by issuing the Edit of Nantes.
(from
http://www.brittany-guide.com/celtic.htm )
...................................................................................................................................................
On Jan 5, 1:22 pm, "lyra" <mountain_qu...@RockAthens.com> wrote:
>
> (quote, excerpts)
>
> >From 1590-98, during the War of the Catholic League, Philippe-Emmanuel,Duke of Mercoeur (governor of Brittany and husband of the countess of
> > This was a first step towards the unification of Brittany...
>
> read more »
lyra
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=brittany+holiday&ei=UTF-8&fr=sfp&x=wrt
Brittany
...................................................................
http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&q=Brittany+sea&btnG=Search
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=brittany+sea&ei=UTF-8&fr=sfp&x=wrt
Sea, seaside
..................................................................
http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&q=Chateau+Josselin&btnG=Search
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=Chateau+Josselin&ei=UTF-8&fr=sfp&x=wrt
Chateau Josselin
...........................................................................................................................................................................
On Jan 5, 1:27 pm, "lyra" <mountain_qu...@RockAthens.com> wrote:
>
> (quote, excerpts)
>
> > came from Switzerland and Italy defeated the Breton army in 1488 and...
>
> read more »
Art Neuendorffer
.
<<I've yet another (two) reason(s)
for interest in Brittany -
it makes an (online) holiday trip -
could do with one -
and Rebecca Marlowe,
.
of great interest to all who would like
to know more about the Marlowe family,
- she could even be Christopher Marlowe's child
(born 1592, maybe in London)
- though I don't think so,
but maybe Anthony (Muscovy Company) Marlowe's (?)
- married Thomas Josselin/Jostlin,
of the family originally from
Chateau Josselin, Brittany.>>
There was a young lady named BRIGHT,
Whose speed was far faster than light.
She went out one day, In a relative way,
And returned the previous night.
------------------------------------
Lyra wrote:
......................................
Thomas JOSSELYNE
.
. Birth: 1591/1592
. Of, Barham, Suffolk, England
.
. Death: 3 Jan 1661
.
. Lancaster, Worcester, Mass.
.
. Father: Ralfe (Ralph) JOSSELYN(JOSLIN)
. Mother: Mary Or Marie BRIGHT
. Mother: Dorothy
.
. m. Rebecca MARLOWE
. 1615
. Chelmsford, Essex, Eng
.........................................
Rebecca MARLOWE
.
. Birth: 1592
. Of Barham, Suffolk, England
.
. Death: 1623
. Hingham, Mass
.
m. William KERLEY
.
. Abt 1634
.
. Barham, Suffolk, England
.
. m. Thomas JOSSELYNE
. 1615
. Chelmsford, Essex, Eng
.
. m. William KERLEY
. 16 May 1664
. Lancaster, Worcester, Ma
.......................................
quote, excerpts)
.
Brittany's history
.
The earliest evidence of human occupation in Armorica
dates back to the Palaeolithic period (700 000 BC).
.
In 56 BC, after the defeat of the Veneti by Caesar,
the whole country was annexed by Rome for 4 centuries.
.
The Bretons, living in what is now Great Britain,
emigrated to Armorica in the 5th century.
.
They colonised and revitalised the region, converting
it to Christianity. They also "re-Celticised" it
renaming it "Little Britain" (Britannia Minor).
.
Celtic expansion continued until the 9th century.
.
In 845, Nominoë defeated Charles the Bald, King of the Franks.
He offered Brittany virtually total independence.
.
Following the defeat of the Normans,
the Duchy of Brittany was created in 939.
.
From 1364 to 1468, Brittany enjoyed a golden age under the rule
of the Dukes of Montfort during a period of material wealth
and considerable intellectual and artistic richness.
.
Union with France
.
In 1491, Duchess Anne was married to Charles VIII
and subsequently Louis XII, King of France from 1499.
.
This was a first step towards the unification of Brittany and
France, definitively confirmed by publication in 1532 of
the edict of the Union of Brittany with France.
.
http://www.tourismebretagne.com/eng/connaitre/histoire.cfm )
-------------------------------------------------------
<<Asterix lives around 50 BC in a fictional village in northwest
*ARMORICA* (a region of ancient Gaul mostly identical to modern
Brittany). This village is celebrated amongst the Gauls as the only
part of that country not yet conquered by Julius Caesar & his Roman
legions. The inhabitants of the village gain superhuman strength
by drinking a magic potion prepared by the druid Getafix (French:
Panoramix). The village is surrounded by the ocean on one side,
and four Roman garrisons on the other, intended to keep a
watchful eye & ensure that the Gauls do not get up to mischief.>>
---------------------------------------------------------
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Part V.
http://read.cnread.net/cnread1/ewjd/g/gibbon/hor/162.htm
.
<<In Wales & ARMORICA(Brittany), the Celtic tongue, the native
idiom of the West, was preserved & propagated; and the Bards,
who had been the companions of the Druids, were still protected,
in the 16th century, by the laws of Elizabeth.>>
.
<<Pilgrimage, and the holy wars, introduced into Europe the specious
miracles of Arabian magic. Fairies & giants, flying dragons, and
enchanted palaces, were blended with the more simple fictions of the
West; and the fate of Britain depended on the art, or the predictions,
of Merlin. Every nation embraced & adorned the popular romance of
Arthur, & the Knights of the Round Table: their names were celebrated
in Greece & Italy; and the voluminous tales of Sir Lancelot & Sir
Tristram were devoutly studied by the princes and nobles, who
disregarded the genuine heroes and historians of antiquity.>>
-------------------------------------------------------
Hermes Trismegistus > Tristram-gistus > TristRAM.
-------------------------------------------------------
. _Finnegans Wake_ introduction...
.
Sir TristRAM, violer *d'AMORES* ,
fr'over the short sea, had passen-core rearrived
from North *ARMORICA* on this side the scraggy isthmus
of Europe Minor to wielderfight his penisolate war:
nor had topsawyer's rocks by the stream Oconee exaggerated
.
. themselse to LAURENS County's gorgios
.
while they went doublin their mumper all the time:
------------------------------------------------
<<St. Samson crossed the Channel to *ARMORICA* , where he
landed at the mouth of the Guyoult, to continue his missionary
activities in Brittany. Privatus, a Gallo-Roman, gave him
a stretch of land nearby on which to build a monastery
c. 525, & this became the site of the future town of Dol.>>
------------------------------------------------
Newsgroups: humanities.lit.authors.shakespeare
From: libyad...@aol.com (Libyad817)
Date: 2000/09/19
Subject: Re: Numa's burned books
.
Gaius Caligula in 40 A.D. banished the misnamed Herod Antipas &
Herodias (so-called in the unreliable histories of Flavius Josephus)
to Lugdunensis - which includes present-day Brittany or Bretaigne
in France; the Bretons often refer to it to this day as *ARMORICA*
(which, I think, notwithstanding the specious attribution to someone
known as Amerigo Vespucci, is the origin of the name AMERICA).
Anyway, it is this ERODOS PHIL.I.P (as referred in the Nabatean
archaeologies recently uncovered, not Philippos - lover of horses
as referred to erroneously by so-called scholars of the Gospels . . .
but Phil-I-Patris, Lover of his People {see Bowersock's outstanding
studies in "Roman Arabia"} as all Roman historians know, most
of the coins and carvings were abbreviated. Phil.i.p and this
so called Antipas are one and the same man, notwithstanding the
wildly inconsistent and contradictory non-analyses of most
Biblical scholarship, and the hopeless confusion of Josephus.)
.
So, it was in the company of his banished King and Queen that Joseph
of Aramathae took the Grail [Gras-El, the Stomach of God - but that
is another discussion for another time!] to BRETONNE, and thence,
to Caer Melyn (whom the later French troubadours translated as
Camelot) above present-day CaerDydd (Cardiff, Wales), across
the French Channel. The close linguistic and historical connection
to this day between the latter-Kelts in *ARMORICA* and Wales
and Cornwales is well known; as is the sacred island of ENEZ
AVAL not far from Lannion in the Bretaigne peninsula.
.
From there, via the native myths that came from Libya (there is much
scholarship available of the African origins of ancient Cymry)
in the 'Pedeir Keinc y Mabonogi' and many other primary sources,
Pryderi the son of King Pwyll was Arthwyr. Britain comes from
Prydein, the Kingdom of Pryderi - as his relative
King Llyr well knew, as Kit Marlowe well knew.>
------------------------------------------------------
_A Portrait of the Artist as Young Man ~ 3 years
_Ulysses took seven years.
_Finnegans Wake_ /"Work in Progress": 17 years
--------------------------------------------------------
. ARM(a v)IR(umque) CANO
.
. Arma virumque cano,
. Troiae qui primus ab oris
.
. Arms I sing, and the man, who first,
. from the shores of Troy came,
---------------------------------------------------------
. The scraggy isthmus of Britain/Brittany
---------------------------------------------------------
. Sir Tristram of Lyonesse/Cornwall/Brittany
.
http://www.bulfinch.org/tales/chiv13.html
http://www.employees.org/~pcorless/pendragon/tristram.txt
http://www.crosswinds.net/~obscurio/swinb4.html
.
<<Tristrem, Tristan, or Tristam. Son of Rouland Rise, Lord of Ermonie,
and Blanche Fleur, sister of Marke, King of Cornwall. Having lost both
his parents, he was brought up by his uncle. Tristram, being wounded in
a duel, was cured by Ysolde, daughter of the Queen of Ireland, and on
his return to Cornwall told his uncle of the beautiful princess. Marke
sent to solicit her hand in marriage, and was accepted. Ysolde married
the king, but was in love with the nephew, with whom she had guilty
connection. Tristram being banished from Cornwall, went to Brittany,
and married Ysolt of the White Hand, daughter of the Duke of Brittany.
Tristram then went on his adventures, and, being wounded, was informed
that he could be cured only by Ysolde. A messenger is dispatched to
Cornwall, and is ordered to hoist a white sail if Ysolde accompanies
him
back. The vessel came in sight with a white sail displayed; but Ysolt
of
the White Hand, out of jealousy, told her husband that the vessel had a
black sail flying, and Tristram instantly expired. Sir Tristram was one
of the knights of the Round Table. Gotfrit of Strasbourg, a German
minnesänger (minstrel) at the close of the twelfth century, composed
a romance in verse, entitled Tristan et Isolde. It was continued by
Ulrich of Turheim, by Henry of Freyberg, and others, to the extent
of many thousand verses.>>
---------------------------------------------------------
. Third Census of Finnegans Wake - Adaline Glasheen
http://www.ozemail.com.au/~caveman/Joyce/FW/Glasheen/tristan.htm
.
TRISTAN, Tristram - (1) sorrow as opposed to, interchangeable with,
or reversed into joy (2) Sir Amory Tristram from Armorica (Brittany),
one of Ireland's Norman conquerors, founder of the St Lawrence
(qv) family of Howth (qv; see also Tristram Tree); when in FW II,iv,
Tristan takes Isolde (qv) he is also the stranger who takes Ireland,
a girl who has solid ivory where her brains should be; (3) Tristan
of Lyonnesse, nephew (qv) of Mark of Cornwall (q.v.), lover of
Isolde of Ireland, his "aunt" (q.v.); Tristan is also her husband,
in name only, of Isolde of the White Hands (q.v.).
---------------------------------------------------------
riverrun, past Eve and Adam's, from swerve of shore
to bend of bay, brings us by a commodius vicus of
recirculation back to Howth Castle and Environs.
Sir Tristram, violer d'amores, fr'over the short sea, had
passencore rearrived from North *ARMORICA* on this side the scraggy
isthmus of Europe Minor to wielderfight his penisolate war: nor
had topsawyer's rocks by the stream Oconee exaggerated themselse
to Laurens County's gorgios while they went doublin their mumper
all the time: nor avoice from afire bellowsed mishe mishe to
tauftauf thuartpeatrick not yet, though venissoon after, had a
kidscad buttended a bland old isaac: not yet, though all's fair
in vanessy, were sosie sesthers wroth with twone nathandjoe.
.
FW 395.35: fadeless wonderwomen, and, sure now, we all know you dote
on her even unto date!) with a queeleetlecree of joysis crisis she
renulited their disunited, with ripy lepes to ropy lopes (the dear
o'dears!) and the golden importunity of aloofer's leavetime,
when,as quick,is greased pigskin, *AMORICA*s Champius, with one
aragan throust, druve the massive of virilvigtoury flshpst the
both lines of forwards (Eburnea's down, boys !) rightjingbangshot
.
FW 562.31 Whene'er I see those smiles in eyes 'tis Father Quinn
again. Very shortly he will smell sweetly when he will hear a weird
to wean. By gorgeous,that boy will blare some knight when he will
take his dane's pledges and quit our ingletears, spite of undesirable
parents, to wend him to *AMORICA* to quest a cashy job. That keen
dean with his veen nonsolance! O, I adore the profeen music!
Dollarmighty! He is too audorable really, eunique! I guess to
have seen somekid like him in the story book, guess I met
somewhere somelam to whom he will be becoming liker. But hush!
--------------------------------------------------
*AMORC*
......................................
From: "shasta...@my-deja.com" <shasta...@my-deja.com>
Newsgroups: alt.amorc
Subject: Re: Rosencrantz & Guildenstern
Date: 15 Dec 2006 21:43:14 -0800
Interesting post, Art. But I think you need to do more with the
plot/dialogue/characters in order to argue that R&G "represent"
anything more than related names. You do know that
Freemasonry is an outer order of an Inner Rosicrucian order right?
And Shakespeare is chock full of Masonic references.
Might just be a tip of the cap to those two audiences.
------------------------------------------------------------
lyra wrote:
> (quote, excerpts)
> FRENCH BRITTANY
>
> 1588
>
> Brittany rebels against its Governor, The Duke of Mercoer, who
> attempting to profit from the League tries to seize the province.
> Bandits like the famous La Fontenelle ravage the country
>
> 1598
>
> Henry IV ends religious strife by issuing the Edit of Nantes.
>
> (from
>
> http://www.brittany-guide.com/celtic.htm
------------------------------------
lyra
Art Neuendorffer wrote:
very interesting posting, thanks.
lyra
>
> (quote, excerpts)
>
> ...........................................................................
>
> A BRIEF HISTORY OF BRITTANY
>
> Compiled By Judy Drew
>
>
>
> ANCIENT AMOR
>
>
> B.C
>
>
> Peninsula inhabited by little known people who erect Megaliths
>
>
> 600
>
>
> Arrival of the Celts who call the peninsula AMOR (the country of the
> sea)
>
>
> 56
>
>
> Caesar destroys the fleet of the Veneti tribe, conquers Amor and for
> the next 4 centuries, Roman civilization does its work
>
>
> A.D.
>
>
> Barbarian invasion returns the province to near savagery
"460
Immigration of the British Celts who are driven from Britain by the
Angels"
! O ! which angels I wonder ?!
"1514
................................................
isn't it Queen Claude whom Anne Boleyn attended on? I shall look for
this.
................................................
"1532
Claude cedes her Duchy to Francois I who has this permanent reunion of
Brittany and France ratified at the Parliament of Vannes"
...................................................................................................................................
(quote, excerpts)
Greek tragedy
The story of the Boleyns could be likened to a Greek tragedy. They
were an accomplished family, ennobled within a short period of time,
only to find themselves the victims of the very prominence so
desperately sought and attained by Anne's father, Sir Thomas Boleyn.
His daughter's rapid ascension to the throne due to his own influence
was also to be his entire family's undoing when Anne was accused of
treason.
'The story of the Boleyns could be likened to a Greek tragedy.'
Thomas, only fourteen years older than Henry himself, was a respected
mercer with a talent for languages and diplomacy. He was already
established at the Royal Court well before Henry became King in 1509.
Even his marriage to the well-connected Lady Elizabeth Howard seemed to
work to his advantage, enhancing his ruthless ambitions.
A father's master plan
Their three children, George, Mary and Anne, were all well-educated and
formed part of their father's grand master plan to attain greater power
and status. Anne, the youngest of the sisters, was extremely close to
her brother George but possibly had a more distant relationship with
her elder sister Mary, exacerbated by the fact that the latter became a
discarded mistress of Henry.
The young girls spent their teenage years in France as
ladies-in-waiting to Henry's sister the French Queen.
Later they were to part when Anne was transferred to the court of the
new French Queen, Claude, while Mary returned home.
Anne arrived back in England when she was about twenty and was
immediately placed in the household of Henry's wife, Katherine of
Aragon, as maid of honour.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/anne_boleyn_01.shtml
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Anne spent part of her childhood at the court of the Archduchess
Margaret. Fraser puts her age at 12-13, as that was the minimum age for
a 'fille d'honneur'.
It was from there that she was transferred to the household of Mary,
Henry VIII's sister, who was married to Louis XII of France. Anne's
sister Mary was already in 'the French Queen's' attendance.
However, when Louis died, Mary Boleyn returned to England with Mary
Tudor, while Anne remained in France to attend Claude, the new French
queen. Anne remained in France for the next 6 or 7 years. Because of
her position, it is possible that she was at the Field of Cloth of
Gold, the famous meeting between Henry VIII and the French king,
Francis I.
During her stay in France she learned to speak French fluently and
developed a taste for French clothes, poetry and music.
http://tudorhistory.org/boleyn/
....................................................................................................................................................................................................
When François became king in 1515, two of Claude's ladies-in-waiting
were the English sisters, Mary and Anne Boleyn. Mary became the king's
mistress before returning home in about 1519.
Anne served as Claude's official translator whenever there were English
visitors such as in 1520. Anne was also a temporary companion to
Claude's younger sister, Renée de Valois. Anne Boleyn returned to
England in 1521, where she eventually rose to become queen.
............................................................
Claude of France
>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
French Monarchy-
Capetian Dynasty
(Valois-Orléans branch)
Louis XII
Children
Claude of France
Renée of France
Claude of France (14 October 1499 - 20 July 1524), Queen consort of
France and duchess of Brittany in her own right, was the eldest
daughter of Louis XII, King of France and Anne, Duchess of Brittany.
As the first wife of Francis I, King of France, she was the mother of
King Henry II, King of France, and thus grandmother of the last three
kings of the Valois line and also of Elisabeth, Queen of Spain, Claude,
Duchess of Lorraine, and Marguerite, the queen of Henry IV, King of
France.
Since her mother had no surviving sons, Claude was the heiress of
Brittany, while the crown of France could pass only to and through male
heirs, according to Salic Law.
In 1504 Claude's mother Anne, eager to keep an independent Brittany out
of French hands, effected the Treaty of Blois, which promised Claude's
hand in marriage to the future Holy Roman Emperor Charles V with the
promise of Brittany and Burgundy.
The prospect of a reduced France surrounded on several sides was
unacceptable to the Valois, and so the betrothal was soon cancelled.
The French nobles argued against a betrothal to a foreigner, urging
Louis XII to marry her to her cousin Francois, Duke of Angouleme, "who
is at least all French," and in any case was the heir-presumptive. In
1506, the child was therefore betrothed to François. In 1514, when her
mother died, Claude became duchesse de Bretagne (Brittany); and on 18
May 1514, at St-Germain-en-Laye she married François.
When Claude died, she was succeeded as ruler of Brittany by her eldest
son, the minor François the Dauphin, who became Duke François IV,
with her Claude's widower, King François I as guardian.
After Claude's death, in 1532 the personal union of France with
Brittany was made definitive. The Dauphin, son of François I and
Claude de France was duke of Brittany until his untimely death
(1532-1536). His brother Henry succeeded him, and the last of the dukes
of Brittany was Henry's eldest son Duke François V, crowned in 1544,
and later also Dauphin and then briefly king.
(from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_of_France )
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................