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Pericles

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Arthur Neuendorffer

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Jul 19, 2013, 3:19:12 PM7/19/13
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericles

<<Pericles (Greek: Περικλῆς, Periklēs, "surrounded by glory"; c. 495 – 429 BC) was the most prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens during the Golden Age—specifically, the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. He was descended, through his mother, from the powerful and historically influential Alcmaeonid family.

Pericles promoted the arts and literature; it is principally through his efforts that Athens holds the reputation of being the educational and cultural center of the ancient Greek world. He started an ambitious project that generated most of the surviving structures on the Acropolis (including the Parthenon). This project beautified the city, exhibited its glory, and gave work to the people. Pericles also fostered Athenian democracy to such an extent that critics call him a populist.

Pericles was born c. 495 BC, in the deme of Cholargos just north of Athens. He was the son of the politician Xanthippus, who, although ostracized in 485–484 BC, returned to Athens to command the Athenian contingent in the Greek victory at Mycale just five years later. Pericles' mother, Agariste, a scion of the powerful and controversial noble family of the Alcmaeonidae, and her familial connections played a crucial role in starting Xanthippus' political career.

According to Herodotus and Plutarch, Agariste dreamed, a few nights before Pericles' birth, that she had borne a lion. One interpretation of the anecdote treats the lion as a traditional symbol of greatness, but the story may also allude to the unusual size of Pericles' skull, which became a popular target of contemporary comedians (who called him "Squill-head", after the Squill or Sea-Onion). (Although Plutarch claims that this deformity was the reason that Pericles was always depicted wearing a helmet, this is not the case; the helmet was actually the symbol of his official rank as strategos .

Pericles belonged to the local tribe of Acamantis (Ἀκαμαντὶς φυλή). His early years were quiet; the introverted young Pericles took to avoiding public appearances, instead preferring to devote his time to his studies. His family's nobility and wealth allowed him to fully pursue his inclination toward education. He learned music from the masters of the time and he is considered to have been the first politician to attribute great importance to philosophy. He enjoyed the company of the philosophers Protagoras, Zeno of Elea, and Anaxagoras. Anaxagoras, in particular, became a close friend and influenced him greatly.

Pericles' manner of thought and rhetorical charisma may have been in part products of Anaxagoras' emphasis on emotional calm in the face of trouble and skepticism about divine phenomena. His proverbial calmness and self-control are also regarded as products of Anaxagoras' influence.

Pericles, following Athenian custom, was first married to one of his closest relatives, with whom he had two sons, Paralus and Xanthippus, but around 445 BC, Pericles divorced his wife. He offered her to another husband, with the agreement of her male relatives. The name of his first wife is not known; the only information about her is that she was the wife of Hipponicus, before being married to Pericles, and the mother of Callias from this first marriage.

The woman he really adored was Aspasia of Miletus. She became Pericles' mistress and they began to live together as if they were married. This relationship aroused many reactions and even Pericles' own son, Xanthippus, who had political ambitions, did not hesitate to slander his father. Nonetheless, these persecutions did not undermine Pericles' morale, although he had to burst into tears in order to protect his beloved Aspasia when she was accused of corrupting Athenian society. His greatest personal tragedy was the death of his sister and of both his legitimate sons, Xanthippus and Paralus, all affected by the epidemic, a calamity he never managed to overcome. Just before his death, the Athenians allowed a change in the law of 451 BC that made his half-Athenian son with Aspasia, Pericles the Younger, a citizen and legitimate heir, a decision all the more striking in consideration that Pericles himself had proposed the law confining citizenship to those of Athenian parentage on both sides.

In the spring of 472 BC, Pericles presented _The Persians_ of Aeschylus at the Greater Dionysia as a liturgy, demonstrating that he was one of the wealthier men of Athens. Simon Hornblower has argued that Pericles' selection of this play, which presents a nostalgic picture of Themistocles' famous victory at Salamis, shows that the young politician was supporting Themistocles against his political opponent Cimon, whose faction initially succeeded in having Themistocles ostracized shortly afterwards.

Pericles and his friends were never immune from attack, as preeminence in democratic Athens was not equivalent to absolute rule. Just before the eruption of the Peloponnesian War, Pericles and two of his closest associates, Phidias and his companion, Aspasia, faced a series of personal and judicial attacks.

Phidias, who had been in charge of all building projects, was first accused of embezzling gold intended for the statue of Athena and then of impiety, because, when he wrought the battle of the Amazons on the shield of Athena, he carved out a figure that suggested himself as a bald old man, and also inserted a very fine likeness of Pericles fighting with an Amazon. Pericles' enemies also found a false witness against Phidias, named Menon.

Beyond these initial prosecutions, the ecclesia attacked Pericles himself by asking him to justify his ostensible profligacy with, and maladministration of, public money. According to Plutarch, Pericles was so afraid of the oncoming trial that he did not let the Athenians yield to the Lacedaemonians. Beloch also believes that Pericles deliberately brought on the war to protect his political position at home. Thus, at the start of the Peloponnesian War, Athens found itself in the awkward position of entrusting its future to a leader whose pre-eminence had just been seriously shaken for the first time in over a decade.

The causes of the Peloponnesian War have been much debated, but many ancient historians lay the blame on Pericles and Athens. Plutarch seems to believe that Pericles and the Athenians incited the war, scrambling to implement their belligerent tactics "with a sort of arrogance and a love of strife". Thucydides hints at the same thing, believing the reason for the war was Sparta's fear of Athenian power and growth.

In 430 BC, the army of Sparta looted Attica for a second time, but Pericles was not daunted and refused to revise his initial strategy. Unwilling to engage the Spartan army in battle, he again led a naval expedition to plunder the coasts of the Peloponnese, this time taking 100 Athenian ships with him. According to Plutarch, just before the sailing of the ships an eclipse of the sun frightened the crews, but Pericles used the astronomical knowledge he had acquired from Anaxagoras to calm them. In the summer of the same year an epidemic broke out and devastated the Athenians. The exact identity of the disease is uncertain, and has been the source of much debate. In any case, the city's plight, caused by the epidemic, triggered a new wave of public uproar, and Pericles was forced to defend himself in an emotional final speech, a rendition of which is presented by Thucydides. This is considered to be a monumental oration, revealing Pericles' virtues but also his bitterness towards his compatriots' ingratitude. Temporarily, he managed to tame the people's resentment and to ride out the storm, but his internal enemies' final bid to undermine him came off; they managed to deprive him of the generalship and to fine him at an amount estimated between 15 and 50 talents. Ancient sources mention Cleon, a rising and dynamic protagonist of the Athenian political scene during the war, as the public prosecutor in Pericles' trial.

Nevertheless, within just a year, in 429 BC, the Athenians not only forgave Pericles but also re-elected him as strategos. He was reinstated in command of the Athenian army and led all its military operations during 429 BC, having once again under his control the levers of power. In that year, however, Pericles witnessed the death of both his legitimate sons from his first wife, Paralus and Xanthippus, in the epidemic. His morale undermined, he burst into tears and not even Aspasia's companionship could console him. He himself died of the plague in the autumn of 429 BC.

Just before his death, Pericles' friends were concentrated around his bed, enumerating his virtues during peace and underscoring his nine war trophies. Pericles, though moribund, heard them and interrupted them, pointing out that they forgot to mention his fairest and greatest title to their admiration; "for", said he, "no living Athenian ever put on mourning because of me". Pericles lived during the first two and a half years of the Peloponnesian War and, according to Thucydides, his death was a disaster for Athens, since his successors were inferior to him; they preferred to incite all the bad habits of the rabble and followed an unstable policy, endeavoring to be popular rather than useful. With these bitter comments, Thucydides not only laments the loss of a man he admired, but he also heralds the flickering of Athens' unique glory and grandeur.

Pericles' most visible legacy can be found in the literary and artistic works of the Golden Age, most of which survive to this day. The Acropolis, though in ruins, still stands and is a symbol of modern Athens. Paparrigopoulos wrote that these masterpieces are "sufficient to render the name of Greece immortal in our world".

Other analysts maintain an Athenian humanism illustrated in the Golden Age. The freedom of expression is regarded as the lasting legacy deriving from this period. Pericles is lauded as "the ideal type of the perfect statesman in ancient Greece" and his Funeral Oration is nowadays synonymous with the struggle for participatory democracy and civic pride.>>

Art Neuendorffer

David L. Webb

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Jul 19, 2013, 9:05:34 PM7/19/13
to
In article <396fb4e4-61ab-4a07...@googlegroups.com>,
Arthur Neuendorffer <acne...@gmail.com> wrote:

> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericles
>
> <<Pericles (Greek: ɰÉΟɜɫɻɅ?ς, Perikl®Ξs, "surrounded by glory"; c. 495 –
> 429 BC) was the most prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator

Oxford was definitely not an orator, Art. HoweVER, in view of
Oxfordians' habit of wantonly concatenating two character strings that
are VERy widely separated in an original text, it would not surprise me
to see Oxfordians mischaracterizing Oxford as an orator -- after all, he
*was* an Ora[ziopenetra]tor.

[...]
> Pericles promoted the arts and literature; it is principally through his
> efforts that Athens holds the reputation of being the educational and
> cultural center of the ancient Greek world. He started an ambitious project
> that generated most of the surviving structures on the Acropolis (including
> the Parthenon). This project beautified the city, exhibited its glory, and
> gave work to the people. Pericles also fostered Athenian democracy to such an
> extent that critics call him a populist.
>
> Pericles was born c. 495 BC, in the deme of Cholargos just north of Athens.

In what deme were you born, Art?

[...]
> According to Herodotus and Plutarch,

Please favor us with your legendary erudition, Art -- do tell us more
about Virgil and Herodotus. Incidentally, Art, don't you find it a
little odd that, although the source that you're quoting mentions
Herodotus, there is no mention of Virgil therein?

> Agariste dreamed, a few nights before
> Pericles' birth, that she had borne a lion. One interpretation of the
> anecdote treats the lion as a traditional symbol of greatness, but the story
> may also allude to the unusual size of Pericles' skull, which became a
> popular target of contemporary comedians (who called him "Squill-head", after
> the Squill or Sea-Onion). (Although Plutarch claims that this deformity was
> the reason that Pericles was always depicted wearing a helmet,

Is that the reason for your tinfoil helmet, Art?

[...]
>
> Art Neuendorffer

Arthur Neuendorffer

unread,
Jul 19, 2013, 10:54:40 PM7/19/13
to
> Arthur Neuendorffer wrote:
>>
>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericles
>>
>> <<Pericles (Greek: ɰÉΟɜɫɻɅ?ς, Perikl®Ξs, "surrounded by glory"; c. 495 –
>> 429 BC) was the most prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator

nordicskiv2 wrote:
>
> Oxford was definitely not an orator, Art.

Did I say he was?

> Arthur Neuendorffer wrote:
>>
>> Pericles promoted the arts and literature; it is principally through his
>> efforts that Athens holds the reputation of being the educational and
>> cultural center of the ancient Greek world. He started an ambitious project
>> that generated most of the surviving structures on the Acropolis (including
>> the Parthenon). This project beautified the city, exhibited its glory, and
>> gave work to the people. Pericles also fostered Athenian democracy to such an
>> extent that critics call him a populist.
>>
>> Pericles was born c. 495 BC, in the deme of Cholargos just north of Athens.

nordicskiv2 wrote:
>
> In what deme were you born, Art?

The Deme-ocratic capital of the world, Dave: Washington.

> Arthur Neuendorffer wrote:
>>
>> According to Herodotus and Plutarch,

nordicskiv2 wrote:
>
> Please favor us with your legendary erudition, Art
> -- do tell us more about Virgil and Herodotus.
-----------------------------------------------
NIL VERO-VERIU(s) S = 19th letter
OUR EVER-LIVIN(g) g = 33th letter (Masonic)
UNO:VERE-VIR(g)IL g = 33th letter (Masonic)
------------------------------------------------
_______ *DROESHOUT*
_________ {anagram}
_______ *HERODOTUS*
-----------------------------------------------
____ (1939) Encyclopedia Britannica on "Drama"
.
____ *HERODOTUS* had a lot to say about
____ *TRAGEDY* (i.e., *a GOAT-song* ) being a PATHOS
_____(i.e., the violent death of Dionysus/Osiris
_______ by *SPARAGMOS* or dismemberment):
.
<<...we have the express testimony of *HERODOTUS* that the ritual
_worship of Dionysus (the god of Drama) was the same as the ritual
___ worship of Osiris such that it involved a "sparagmos"
_ (dismemberment), mourning, search, discovery & resurrection.>>
.
____ HowEVER, *HERODOTUS* avoided directly mentioning
____ Dionysus OR Osiris in this regard:
.
____ "When the Egyptians lament the god
___ whom I may not name in this connection"
_ "They lament but whom they lament I must not say" -- *HERODOTUS*
.
__ For in the manner of ancient religion, it was always necessary
____ that Dionysus or Osiris be represented by some surrogate.
.......................................................
In fact, ALL TRAGIC HEROS are simply surrogates of Dionysus/Osiris:
.
<<We find a frequent sparagmos of beings who have committed some sin:
.
____ [A]ctaeon by hounds
____ [D]irce by a bull
____ [O]rpheus by Maenads
____ [L]ycurgus by horses
____ [P]entheus by Maenads
____ [H]YPPOLYTUS by horses

___ *ADOLF* : *NOBLE WOLF* (German)
.
This use of a surrogate was made easier by the fact that both at
Eleusis & in the Osiris rite the myth was conveyed by *tableaux*
____ (i.e., *things shown* ) rather than by words.
.
___ Thus the death of Pentheus, wearing Dionysiac dress,
_ would be shown by exactly the same tableau as that of Dionysus.
............................................................
http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/anagrams/text.html
.
<< EDOUARUS VEIERUS
___ per anagramma
__ AURE SURDUS *VIDEO*
. ( *DEAF IN MY EAR, I SEE* )
............................................................
____ *THE TRUTH COULD BE SHOWN TO THE WISE*
_ AND AT THE SAME TIME *VEILED FROM THE UNKNOWING*
.
____ Such facts help to explain the charge of
_"profaning the mysteries" brought against Aeschylus.>>
---------------------------------------------------------------
Quintilian characterizes *HERODOTUS* as
___ " *SWEET* and clear and diffuse"
___ " *DULCIS et candidus et fuSUS* "
...................................................
Cicero: "For what was *SWEETER THAN HERODOTUS* .”
___ Quid enim aut *HERODOTO DULCIUS*
-------------------------------------------------------
_____ S O U T H A M P T O N : *DULCET*
______ S
______- I
______ R
______- I
______ S
......................................................
______ M
______ A
____- D R O E S H O U T : *SCULPSIT*
______ T
______- I
______ N
......................................................
_ MARTIN DROESHOUT(HERODOTUS) Jr. was baptized on
_ April 26, 1601 => 37 years after Shakspere.
_ _ _ (Raphael's age at death)
-------------------------------------------------------
. The *DROESHOUT/HERODOTUS* anagram,
. and the DROESHOUT portrait
. (with its 'two left shoulders' & 'two right eyes')
.
represent a SPARAGMOS of Southampton & Oxford portraits:
-------------------------------------------------------
> Arthur Neuendorffer wrote:
>>
>> Agariste dreamed, a few nights before Pericles' birth,
>> that she had borne a lion. One interpretation of the anecdote
>> treats the lion as a traditional symbol of greatness, but the story
>> may also allude to the unusual size of Pericles' skull, which became a
>> popular target of contemporary comedians (who called him "Squill-head",
>> after the Squill or Sea-Onion). (Although Plutarch claims that this
>> deformity was the reason that Pericles was always depicted
>> wearing a helmet,

nordicskiv2 wrote:
>
> Is that the reason for your tinfoil helmet, Art?

The story may allude to the unusual size of Shakespeare's bald skull.
...........................................................
THOMA(s) SNOUT: Therefore another prologue must tell he is not a lion.
.
BOTTOM: Nay, you must name his name, and half his face must
. be seen through the lion's neck: and he himself
. must speak through, saying thus, or to the same
. defect,--'Ladies,'--or 'Fair-ladies--I would wish
. You,'--or 'I would request you,'--or 'I would
. entreat you,--not to fear, not to tremble: my life
. for yours. If you think I come hither as a lion, it
. were pity of my life: no I am no such thing; I am a
. man as other men are;' and there indeed let him name
. his name, and tell them plainly he is Snug the joiner.
---------------------------------------------------------
Art Neuendorffer

David L. Webb

unread,
Jul 20, 2013, 8:26:05 AM7/20/13
to
In article <47a3cda8-fe66-4b44...@googlegroups.com>,
Arthur Neuendorffer <acne...@gmail.com> (aka Noonedafter) wrote:

> > Arthur Neuendorffer wrote:
> >>
> >> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericles
> >>
> >> <<Pericles (Greek: ÉΓÉÉ≠ɜɫɻɅ?ς, Perikl®Ξs, "surrounded by glory"; c.
> >> 495 –
> >> 429 BC) was the most prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator

> nordicskiv2 wrote:
> >
> > Oxford was definitely not an orator, Art.

> Did I say he was?

Then you concur that he was merely an Ora[ziopenetra]tor? I'm
relieved that you don't seem as prone as your more demented
coreligionists to concatenate two character strings at some considerable
remove from one another in a text, Art.

> > Arthur Neuendorffer wrote:
> >>
> >> Pericles promoted the arts and literature; it is principally through his
> >> efforts that Athens holds the reputation of being the educational and
> >> cultural center of the ancient Greek world. He started an ambitious
> >> project
> >> that generated most of the surviving structures on the Acropolis
> >> (including
> >> the Parthenon). This project beautified the city, exhibited its glory, and
> >> gave work to the people. Pericles also fostered Athenian democracy to such
> >> an
> >> extent that critics call him a populist.
> >>
> >> Pericles was born c. 495 BC, in the deme of Cholargos just north of
> >> Athens.

> nordicskiv2 wrote:
> >
> > In what deme were you born, Art?

> The Deme-ocratic capital of the world, Dave: Washington.

Is it your birth in that deme that makes you a deme-ent, Art?

> > Arthur Neuendorffer wrote:
> >>
> >> According to Herodotus and Plutarch,

> nordicskiv2 wrote:
> >
> > Please favor us with your legendary erudition, Art
> > -- do tell us more about Virgil and Herodotus.
> -----------------------------------------------
> NIL VERO-VERIU(s) S = 19th letter
> OUR EVER-LIVIN(g) g = 33th letter (Masonic)
> UNO:VERE-VIR(g)IL g = 33th letter (Masonic)

Huh? That crackpot cryptography -- which is not even an anagram! --
has nothing whateVER to do with either Herodotus or Virgil, Art. In
fact, in Pauli's pitiless phrase, that's not even wrong, Art!

> _______ *DROESHOUT*
> _________ {anagram}
> _______ *HERODOTUS*

I had to tell you that, Art.

[Lunatic logorrhea snipped]

But Art -- you said nothing whateVER about Virgil above!

> > Arthur Neuendorffer wrote:
> >>
> >> Agariste dreamed, a few nights before Pericles' birth,
> >> that she had borne a lion. One interpretation of the anecdote
> >> treats the lion as a traditional symbol of greatness, but the story
> >> may also allude to the unusual size of Pericles' skull, which became a
> >> popular target of contemporary comedians (who called him "Squill-head",
> >> after the Squill or Sea-Onion). (Although Plutarch claims that this
> >> deformity was the reason that Pericles was always depicted
> >> wearing a helmet,

> nordicskiv2 wrote:
> >
> > Is that the reason for your tinfoil helmet, Art?

> The story may allude to the unusual size of Shakespeare's bald skull.

Sherlock Holmes opined that a man with a cranium that large must have
something in it. The same, alas, cannot be said of Oxford.

[...]
> ---------------------------------------------------------
> Art Neuendorffer

Arthur Neuendorffer

unread,
Jul 20, 2013, 5:55:28 PM7/20/13
to
nordicskiv2 wrote:
>
> Sherlock Holmes opined that a man with a cranium that large
> must have something in it. The same, alas, cannot be said of Oxford.
--------------------------------------------------------------
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size#Intelligence

<<Studies have tended to indicate small to moderate correlations (averaging around 0.3 to 0.4) between brain volume and IQ. The most consistent associations are observed within the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, the hippocampi, and the cerebellum, but only account for a relatively small amount of variance in IQ, which itself only shows a partial relationship to the general concept of intelligence and real-world performance. In addition, brain volumes do not correlate strongly with other and more specific cognitive measures. In men, IQ correlates more with gray matter volume in the frontal lobe and parietal lobe, whereas in women it correlates with gray matter volume in the frontal lobe and Broca's area, which is involved in language.>>
-----------------------------------------------------------------
ADVENTURE VII. THE ADVENTURE OF THE BLUE CARBUNCLE

<<I took the tattered object in my hands and turned it over rather ruefully. It was a very ordinary black hat of the usual round shape, hard and much the worse for wear. The lining had been of red silk, but was a good deal discolored. There was no maker's name; but, as Holmes had remarked, the initials "H. B." were scrawled upon one side. It was pierced in the brim for a hat-securer, but the elastic was missing. For the rest, it was cracked, exceedingly dusty, and spotted in several places, although there seemed to have been some attempt to hide the discolored patches by smearing them with ink.

"I can see nothing," said I, handing it back to my friend.

"On the contrary, Watson, you can see everything. You fail, however, to reason from what you see. You are too timid in drawing your inferences."

"Then, pray tell me what it is that you can infer from this hat?"

He picked it up and gazed at it in the peculiar introspective fashion which was characteristic of him. "It is perhaps less suggestive than it might have been," he remarked, "and yet there are a few inferences which are very distinct, and a few others which represent at least a strong balance of probability. That the man was highly intellectual is of course obvious upon the face of it, and also that he was fairly well-to-do within the last three years, although he has now fallen upon evil days. He had foresight, but has less now than formerly, pointing to a moral retrogression, which, when taken with the decline of his fortunes, seems to indicate some evil influence, probably drink, at work upon him. This may account also for the obvious fact that his wife has ceased to love him."

"My dear Holmes!"

"He has, however, retained some degree of self-respect," he continued, disregarding my remonstrance. "He is a man who leads a sedentary life, goes out little, is out of training entirely, is middle-aged, has grizzled hair which he has had cut within the last few days, and which he anoints with lime-cream. These are the more patent facts which are to be deduced from his hat. Also, by the way, that it is extremely improbable that he has gas laid on in his house."

"You are certainly joking, Holmes."

"Not in the least. Is it possible that even now, when I give you these results, you are unable to see how they are attained?"

"I have no doubt that I am very stupid, but I must confess that I am unable to follow you. For example, how did you deduce that this man was intellectual?"

For answer Holmes clapped the hat upon his head. It came right over the forehead and settled upon the bridge of his nose. "It is a question of cubic capacity," said he; "a man with so large a brain must have something in it.">>
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Art Neuendorffer
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