http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupolis
Eupolis (ca. 446 BC – 411 BC) was an Athenian poet of the Old Comedy,
who flourished during the time of the Peloponnesian War.
Nothing whatsoever is known of his personal history. There are few
sources on when he first appeared on the stage. A short history of
Greek Comedy, written by an anonymous writer of antiquity, reports
that Eupolis first produced in the year where Apollodorus was the
Eponymous archon, which would be 430/429 BC. The same source claims
Phrynichus also debuted that year. The Chronicon of Eusebius of
Caesarea instead places his debut in 428/427 BC and adds that
Aristophanes also started producing that year.
His first known play was either Prospaltioi or Heilotes. Surviving
fragments from the Prospaltioi include allusions to, and near-
quotations of, Sophocles' Antigone (442 BC). Scholars are convinced
the play targeted Pericles, due to a famous reference to Aspasia.
The Suda claims Eupolis was only 17 years old when he started his
career. It should be noted that sources also claim Aristophanes and
Menander were adolescents (epheboi) at the start of their own careers.
This suggests a tradition concerning the precociousness of poets.
Although he was at first on good terms with Aristophanes, their
relations subsequently became strained, and they accused each other,
in most virulent terms, of imitation and plagiarism.
Eupolis obtained first prize seven times, but only fragments remain of
the 19 titles attributed to him. Of these, the best known are:
Kolakes ("Flatterers"), in which he pilloried the spendthrift
Callias, who wasted his money on sophists and parasites.
Maricas, an attack on Hyperbolus, the successor of Cleon, under a
fictitious name.
Baptai ("Dippers," Latinization: Baptae)[7], against Alcibiades
and his groups, at which profligate foreign rites were practised. The
word Baptai was a name given to the priests of the Thracian goddess
Cotytto.
Demoi ("Demes") and Poleis ("Cities") were political plays,
dealing with the desperate condition of the state and with the allied
(or tributary) cities.
Other people he attacked in his plays were Socrates, Cimon, and Cleon.
The following titles (with associated fragments) are also ascribed to
Eupolis:
Aiges ("Goats")
Astrateutoi ("People Exempt From Military Service"), or Androgynai
("Hermaphrodites")
Autolykos ("Autolycus", two versions)
Diaiton
Dias ("Dias")
Heilotes ("Helots")
Klopai ("Thefts")
Lakones ("Laconians")
Noumeniai ("New-Moon Festival")
Prospaltioi ("Men From Prospalta")
Taxiarchoi
Hybristodikai
Philoi ("Friends")
Chrysoun Genos ("The Golden Race (or Species)")
Storey estimates a total output of 14 or 15 works for Eupolis, noting
the doubtful paternity of some of the works attributed to the poet. He
considers his career to have lasted from 429 to 411 BC, a period of 18
years.
Ian Storey notes that there are "four ancient traditions" on the
manner of death and burial of Eupolis. Each with details impossible to
reconcile to each other. The first tradition is "the well-known story"
concerning Alcibiades. That Eupolis targeted the politician in his
play Baptai. But then found himself serving under Alcibiades in the
Sicilian Expedition. Alcibiades retaliated by having the poet drowned
on the way to Sicily. This would place Eupolis' death in "the late
spring or early summer" or 415 BC. The story, with small variations,
can be found in the writings of Juvenal, Aelius Aristides, Themistius,
Platonios, John Tzetzes and the Anonymus Crameri. The latter two add
two new details. First, that Eupolis made fun of Alcibiades'
rhotacism. Second, that soldiers dunked the poet repeatedly in the
sea. Leaving unclear if the poet drowned or survived the experience.
The story was reported in several ancient sources. But also had its
detractors. Eratosthenes pointed out that there were works by Eupolis
which were produced following the Sicilian Expedition. Cicero quoted
Eratosthenes and considered him a reliable source on the matter.
The second tradition is recorded by Pausanias the geographer. He
reported that Eupolis was buried away from Athens, his tomb being
located in the vicinity of Sicyon and the river Asopus. Pausanias
never explains the reason for a burial away from home. But it might
point to Eupolis having a family connection with Sicyon. Storey notes
that there was one Athenian family with known connections to this
city: the Alcmaeonidae.
The third tradition is recorded by Claudius Aelianus. He first
narrates a tale concerning Augeas, a Molossus dog owned by Eupolis,
and how it protected the property of its master from a thief. He then
mentions that Eupolis eventually died and was buried in Aegina. Augeas
maintained constant vigil and lament over the grave of its master
until passing away itself. The location was reportedly named "Dog's
Lament" (Ancient Greek: Κυνὸς Θρῆνος) following that event. Modern
scholars have pointed this account follows a familiar pattern in
ancient literary biography. Adding in a tale concerning a faithful dog
and how its presence benefited its master. Said master invariably
being the subject of the biography. Storey suggests that the story may
have started as a tale mentioned in comedy. Then later writers might
have mistaken it for a historical account. He finds more intriguing
the connection of Eupolis to Aegina. Verses 652-655 of "The
Acharnians" imply that Aristophanes was also connected to this island.
The fourth tradition can be found in the Suda. It claims Eupolis was
one of the casualties from the Peloponnesian War, dying "in a
shipwreck" within the Hellespont (the Dardanelles). The source for the
information is not given. Neither is the death associated with any
particular naval battle. Storey notes that the death might be
connected to either of three major battles in the region. The Battle
of Cynossema (411 BC), the Battle of Arginusae (406 BC) and the Battle
of Aegospotami (405 BC).
Horace listed Eupolis, Cratinus and Aristophanes (in that order) as
the most prominent writers of Old Comedy. Noting how they would
"single out" the immoral in their comedies. Persius addressed his
works to those inspired by "bold Kratinos", "angry Eupolis", and "the
grand old man" (Aristophanes). The Saturnalia by Macrobius mentions:
"Everyone knows Eupolis, who must be considered among the elegant
poets of Old Comedy."
With Eupolis combined a lively and fertile imagination with sound
practical judgment. He was reputed to equal Aristophanes in the
elegance and purity of his diction, and Cratinus in his command of
irony and sarcasm.>>