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[W]illiam & [E]lizabeth [B]artram

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Art Neuendorffer

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Apr 12, 2004, 7:37:40 PM4/12/04

> > "Chess One" <inn...@verizon.net> wrote ...

>>> Useful perhaps for a future quiz; "Who wrote Dick Turpin?"

> "Art Neuendorffer" <aneuendor...@comcast.net> wrote
> > ---------------------------------------------------------
> > TURPIN, n. (Zo["o]l.) A land TORTOISE.
> > ---------------------------------------------------------
Romeo and Juliet Act 5, Scene 1

ROMEO I do remember an apothecary,--
And hereabouts he dwells,--which late I noted
In tattER'D WEEDs, with oVERwhelming brows,
Culling of simples; meagre were his looks,
Sharp misery had worn him to the bones:
And in his needy shop a TORTOISE hung,
An ALLIGATOR stuff'd, and other skins
Of ill-shaped fishes; and about his shelves
A beggarly account of empty boxes,
-------------------------------------------------------

"Chess One" <inn...@verizon.net> wrote

> TURPIN: A kettle, a cauldron [cant]

> "Art Neuendorffer" <aneuendor...@comcast.net> wrote

>> ____ Dick TURPIN hanged: __ [Gregorian] 19 April, 1739
>> ______- Charles Darwin dies: ____ [Gregorian] 19 April, 1882
>>
>> B(ac)ON dies from chill by snow:___ [Gregorian] 19 April, 1626
>> ___ B(yr)ON dies from chill by rain:___ [Gregorian] 19 April, 1824
>> B(yr)ON's daughter ALLEGRA dies: [Gregorian] 19 April, 1822
---------------------------------------------------------------------
"Chess One" <inn...@verizon.net> wrote

> ALLEGATE: Always
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Uncle Toms Cabin - Harriet Beecher Stowe

They say the ALLIGATOR, the RHINOCEROS, though enclosed
in bullet-proof mail, have each a spot where they are vulnerable;
and fierce, reckless, unbelieving reprobates,
have commonly this point in superstitious dread.
-----------------------------------------------------------
http://members.aol.com/_ht_a/biblesci/science/index.htm

<<Job 41:1 says, "Can you pull in the leviathan with a fishhook"

This whole chapter describes this terrible sea creature
probably a giant CROCODILE.

It is said to have a TONGUE (verse 1), a nose and jaw (v.2),
limbs (v.12), mouth ringed with fearsome teeth (v.14), and a back
tightly fitted with scales (v.15). It describes smoke coming from
his nostrils. This is poetic language and is probably like seeing
our breathe which looks like smoke in cold weather. There is a
similar description of God coming in a thunderstorm in Psalm 18:8.

Bartram observed an ALLIGATOR "that as it comes on the land a thick
smoke issues from its distended nostrils with a thundering sound.>>
---------------------------------------------------------------------
William Bartram http://ngeorgia.com/people/bartram.html

<<Early naturalist, first explorer of much of North Georgia

He noted the ancient Indian Mounds (more) in the state
of Georgia and pondered the civilization that created them.
Bartram discussed the mounds with his friend Thomas Jefferson
who became the first man to excavate one in 1781.

During his "walk in the woods" Bartram recorded many observations in
his personal journals, diaries of a sort that inspired many noted
authors including Henry David Thoreau, William Wordsworth,
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Charles Brockden Brown,
James Fenimore Cooper & John Muir>>
--------------------------------------------------------------------
<<Bartram's twin sister Elizabeth shared his longevity but not
a place in his heart. No where in his writing is she mentioned.>>
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/muchado/fine/bios.html

April 9, 1739, [W]illiam & [E]lizabeth [B]artram born (in Philadelphia)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
______________ RABELAI(s) dies: Sunday 9 April, 1553
__________ General Rufus Putnam born: Sunday 9 April, 1738
__[W]illiam & [E]lizabeth [B]artram born: __ Monday 9 April, 1739
__________ BA(ude)LAIRE born: Monday 9 April, 1821

_____ Dante Gabriel Rossetti dies: EASTER Sunday 9 April, 1882

B(ac)ON dies from chill by snow: EASTER Sunday 9 April, 1626
B(yr)ON mortally chilled by rain: _______________ 9 April, 1824
-----------------------------------------------------------------
July 22, 1823, William Bartram buried in unmarked grave.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/muchado/fine/bios.html

Saint Mary Magdalene: July 22 Feastday
http://users.erols.com/saintpat/ss/0722.htm#mary
1st century; feast of her translation: May 4.

May 4, 1824, General RUFUS Putnam dies in Marietta.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
May 29, 1099 William RUFUS completes WESTMINSTER Hall
_ July 22, 1099 Godfrey of Bouillon crowned King of Jerusalem
--------------------------------------------------------------
_______ +314
-----------------
March 20, 1413 (Monday) Henry IV dies (in Jerusalem Chapel)
_______ +314
-----------------
March 20, 1727 (Monday) Isaac Newton dies (Jerusalem Chapel)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
<<I now mixed up some VERmilion in melted grease, and inscribed
in large characters on the South-East face of the rock
on which we had slept last night, this brief memorial --

"Alexander Mackenzie, from Canada, by land, the twenty-second
of July, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three.">>
---------------------------------------------------------------------
July 22, 1793
July 22, 1823, William Bartram buried in unmarked grave.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
1832 The Skull & Bones secret society is founded at YALE U.
http://www.tlwinslow.com/timeline/time183x.html

July 22, 1832 Napoleon II died
July 22, 1932 John Meade Falkner died
July 22, 1916 JAMES WHIT-COMB RILEY died
-------------------------------------------------------------------
<<July 22, 1816: at a hotel near the Mer du Glace glacier in what
was then Savoy but is now a part of France, the poets Byron &
Shelley registered for a night's stay. Byron listed his age as 100.
Shelley signed in Greek that he was by profession an atheist,
a philanthropist, and a democrat, and in the slot marked destination
he wrote L'Enfer, French for hell. Poet-laureate Robert Southey
came along later and read the blasphemous registry entries, and,
after correcting Shelley's Greek, went home and used these details
as more fue for the gossip mill against the odd entourage
living in Switzerland on the banks of Lake Geneva. Byron
would pay him back mercilessly in The Vision of Judgment. >>

Lord Byron's dog: BOATSWAIN, buried in the Newstead Abbey garden.
------------------------------------------------------------------
October 10 1729, John Bartram & Ann MENDENHALL were married.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
<<According to MENDENHALL every writer consistently & unconsciously
followed a definite pattern denoted by the frequency of word lengths in
his writing. Mendenhall's theory was that in any two substantial samples
of anyone's writing there is the same pattern of relative word-lengths:
so many 2-letter, 3-letter, 4-letter words per thousand.>>

http://www.sirbacon.org/mmarley.htm
http://www2.prestel.co.uk/rey/appx4a.htm
http://www2.prestel.co.uk/rey/appx3a.htm
http://www2.prestel.co.uk/rey/chap8.htm
-----------------------------------------------------------------
The Botanical Explorations of William Bartram in the Southeast
by D.H. Rembert, http://www.bartramtrail.org/pages/explor.html

<<Bartram was born on [April 9], 1738 in the family home along the
Schuylkill River just west of the city of Philadelphia; a home that John
Bartram, his father, had purchased in 1728. The purchase price was forty
pounds and it included 102 acres. Today the property has been reduced to
27 acres. The nucleus of this house was built in 1689 by Swedes and John
Bartram improved the property in 1730 by adding a kitchen and a second
floor chamber. In 1770 he enlarged the house, making it two rooms deep,
and in 1820 his granddaughter added one story wings
to either side and included dormer windows.

After a pleasant childhood, which included a formal education, William
Bartram traveled to eastern North Carolina near Cape Fear to live with
his Uncle William at his home called Ashwood. It was in 1765 that his
father, John, sailed for Charleston, South Carolina, and, travelling
overland up to Ashwood, collected the young William to begin a botanical
collecting expedition. This expedition in 1765 was financed by King
George III and it was designed to enhance the knowledge of Florida, an
area that had recently been acquired by the English in the Treaty of
Paris following the French and Indian War in 1763. John Bartram was to
make a collection of plants and keep a journal concerning the area and
send these back to England. John decided to take his son, William,
along on this adventure and they traveled in Georgia & Florida
making observations and plant collections.

John Bartram returned to Philadelphia in 1766 and son William
followed the next year. It was not until the spring of 1773 that Wliliam
organized a return to the southeast this time financed by Dr. John
Fothergill. The journey began in March, 1773, with a sea voyage from
Philadelphia to Charleston. Early that spring, William Bartram made his
way to Savannah and very soon began his adventures with a trip
to the southwest of Savannah into the Altamaha River Valley.

It was on April 23/24, that he made his first observation of Franklinia
altamaha. He makes reference in his journal that this was a plant that
he had seen with his father eight years earlier in 1765. William Bartram
could not have seen this plant in flower during this period. He must
have seen it later in the summer in 1773 or maybe in 1774 or 1775. In
any event he collected seeds and cultivated the plant in his garden
along the Schuylkill River across from Philadelphia. He made a fine
painting of the plant and it now hangs in the British Museum of Natural
History in the Department of Botany. This painting was sent along with
four others in 1788 to Robert Barclay. The other paintings were of
Pinckneya pubens, Oenothera grandiflora and Hydrangea quercifolia.
Only the painting of Franklinia survives today.

William describes a plant collected in the same area named by John Ellis
for James Gordon of London. This plant is Gordonia, the loblolly bay.
This genus is very closely related to Franklinia and some believe that
Franklinia is in fact just another species of the genus Gordonia. James
Gordon of London was a premier gardener in mid 18th century. He is
the individual that was first able to germinate the seeds of the new
Rhododendron species being introduced into England from southeastern
United States. He is also the first man to germinate the seeds of the
maidenhair tree or Ginkgo biloba (native species of China). Gordon is
the individual that propagated for the first time the Cape Jasmine
introduced to London from South Africa. This plant was named
Gardenia for Alexander Garden of Charleston.

Also at the same time William Bartram identified Franklinia in the
Altamaha River Valley of Georgia, he discovered a plant that he placed
in the genus Bignonia. This plant today is known as the Georgia Fever
Tree or the Feverbark tree and was correctly identified by Andre Michaux
in his publication in 1803. Michaux named the plant Pinckneya for
Charles Coatsworth Pinckney of Charleston. This plant was a very
important species during the Civil War and it was used as a substitute
for quinine, being very closely related to the Chinchona tree of Peru.>>
----------------------------------------------------------
<<"I am continually impelled by a restless spirit of curiosity in
pursuit of new productions of nature, my chief happiness
consists in tracing and admiring the infinite power, majesty,
and perfection of the great almighty Creator, and in the
contemplation, that through divine aid and permission,
I might be instrumentai in discovering, and introducing into
my native country, some original productions of nature,
which might become useful to society."

Of books at present existing, Mr. Jefferson's Notes on Virginia will
give the best idea of this part of the continent to a foreigner; and the
American Farmer's Letters, written by Mr. Crèvecour (a.k.a, Mr.
St. John), the French consul in New York, who actually resided twenty
years as a farmer in that State, will afford a great deal of profitable
and amusive information, respecting the private life of the Americans,
as well as the progress of agriculture, manufactures, and arts in their
country. Perhaps the picture he gives, though founded on fact, is in
some instances embellished with rather too flattering circumstances.>>
----------------------------------------------------------
The Cambridge History of English and American Literature

§ 7. William Bartram.
http://www.bartleby.com/225/1007.html
http://ngeorgia.com/people/bartram.html

<<After more than 200 years the sole published work of enigmatic
William Bartram is still for sale. Bartram's journals recount the early
naturalist's travels through the Southeast at a time before the United
States existed. The achievements of this Philadelphia scholar have
enjoyed a rekindled interest since the late 1970's, in part because
of the efforts of the Bartram Society to mark and recreate
the trail that he walked.

Born in 1739 alongside the Schuylkill River (now Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania), William Bartram was the fifth son of Royal Botanist John
Bartram. Joining his father to explore the Southeast (1765-66), the
Bartrams discovered hundreds of specimens including the Venus Fly Trap.
They also found a previously undiscovered tree and named it for Benjamin
Franklin (Franklin tree or Franklinia alatamatha). The tree is now
extinct in the wild and the only known specimens come
from trees the Bartrams brought back with them.

Among the people Bartram called friend were Ben Franklin, Thomas
Jefferson, and John Fothergill, an English surgeon whose greatest
contributions were in the field of botany. Fothergill, a major
inspiration for William's second trip, encouraged young
Bartram to return to the remote areas to find new specimens.

William's solo journey spanned four years beginning in 1773 and covered
parts of present-day Florida, Georgia, South and North Carolina.

Sailing to Charles Town (now Charleston) South Carolina, he used this
city as base for the next four years. In April of 1775 he left
Charleston for Augusta and continued north from Augusta into Cherokee
country. He reached the village of Cowee Watauga (in present-day
North Carolina) in May, 1775, and returned to Savannah. In November,
1776, he received an urgent appeal from his ailing father to return to
Philadelphia. The elder Bartram died shortly after William's return.

In addition to the scientific aspects of the journals, William
Bartram's writing also serves as some of the earliest descriptions of
the culture of both the Cherokee and Creek Indians. At this time, the
Cherokee were so plentiful in the southern Appalachians that Bartram
refers to them as the Cherokee Mountains on occasion. He also expresses
beliefs, unusual for the time, about man's interrelation with nature,
believing that man shares certain emotional and intellectual bonds with
all living things. During the trip the Philadelphia Quaker would sketch
more than 200 previously undiscovered species of birds alone.

For more than 10 years these journals languished in Bartram's ancestral
home on the Schuylkill River. Unhappy with the writing and suffering
from a motivation disorder, the journals might never have published
had he not been pressured by friends to do so.>>
--------------------------------------------------
http://www.bartramtrail.org/index.shtml

<<William Bartram published his Travels (1791). It quickly became an
American classic and Bartram's Travels has been described by one
scholar as "the most astounding verbal artifact of the early republic."
Bartram's book became an immediate success in Europe where it influenced
the romantic poets and armchair travelers who savored the descriptions
of exotic, sub-tropical Florida as well as the relatively unexplored
southeastern interior. Particularly enlightening and appealing were
Bartram's accounts of the Seminole, Creek and Cherokee Indians. During
the first quarter of the 19th century William Bartram became the grand
old man of American natural science, advising and mentoring the first
generation of naturalists who were beginning to explore the new
territories being added to the young nation.>>
--------------------------------------------------
http://www.bartramtrail.org/pages/explor.html

The Botanical Explorations of William Bartram in the Southeast
by David H. Rembert, Jr.

Dr. John Fothergill, the patron of William Bartram, agreed to support
the travels of W. Bartram in the southeast in return for specimens,
drawings, and a Journal of his observations. Fothergill prevailed
upon Dr. Lionel Chalmers of Charleston, S.C. to act as his agent
in supervising the activity and payment of 50 pounds per annum to
Bartram for his efforts.

As agreed. Bartram sent drawings and collections back to London to
Fothergill with the understanding that Dr. Daniel Solander of the
British Museum would identify the specimens and publish descriptions.
Solander had just returned from a three year circumnavigation of the
world with Captain James Cook and Sir Joseph Banks and he was
otherwise occupied with the plant collections from the South Pacific
which included the collections made along the east coast of Australia.
By 1780 Fothergill was dead; Solander followed him within two years.

Poor William, after his return to Philadelphia in January, 1777, from
his four glorious years of collecting and observing in the southeast,
was left to wonder what had become of his treasure that seemed
to have disappeared in London. This undoubtedly inspired him
to write the following to Mr. Robert Barclay in 1788:

"I collected these specimens amongst many hundreds others about 20
years ago when on Botanical researches in Carolina, Georgia and Florida
[,] duplicates of which I sent to Doctor Fothergill; very few of which
I find have entered the Systema Vegetabilium, not even in the last Edition.
The number of specimens that I sent were submitted to the examination
of Doctor Solander which by returns I received from the Doctor
(the nos. corresponding with those of my duplicates)
appear'd most of them to be either New Genera or Species;
soon after Doctor Solander deceas'd & Doctor Fothergill soon after
followed him. I have never learn'd what became of the specimens.
These remains with some more than I have kept by me to this time,
which I cheerfully offer for the inspection and amusement of the curious,
expecting or desiring no other gratuity than the bare mention
of my being the discoverer, a reward due for traveling several
thousand miles mostly amongs't Indian Nations which is not only
difficult but dangerous, besides suffering sickness, cold & hunger.
But with a perfect Sense of gratitude I with pleasure acknowledge
that Noble Fothergill liberally supporting me whilst in his employ
with ample pecuniary assistance." -Wm. Bartram, Nov. 1788.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
In an April 9, 1880 editorial, Joel Chandler Harris wrote that he
sought to "preserve in permanent shape those curious mementoes
(sic) of a period that will no doubt be sadly misrepresented
by historians of the future.">>
--------------------------------------------------
Joel Roberts POINSETT (1779-1851)

<<The son of a French physician, POINSETT was appointed as the first
United States Ambassador to Mexico (1825 - 1829) by President Madison.
POINSETT had attended medical school himself, but his real love in the
scientific field was botany. POINSETT maintained his own hothouses on
his Greenville, South Carolina plantations, and while visiting the Taxco
area in 1828, he became enchanted by the brilliant red blooms he saw
there. He immediately sent some of the plants back to South Carolina,
where he began propagating the plants and sending them to friends and
botanical gardens. Among the recipients of POINSETT's work was John
Bartram of Philadelphia. (Mr. POINSETT later founded the institution
which we know today as the Smithsonian Institution).>>
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Joel Roberts POINSETT (1779-1851)

<<John Bartram of Philadelphia in turn gave the plant over to another
friend, Robert Buist, a Pennsylvania nurseryman. Mr. Buist is thought
to be the first person to have sold the plant under its botanical name,

EUPHORBIA PULcherrima
(literally, "the most beautiful EUPHORBIA").

Though it is thought to have become known
by its more popular name of POINSETTia around 1836.>>
----------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.ibiblio.org/herbmed/eclectic/kings/euphorbia-coro.html

<<The scientific name EUPHORBIA is said to have been given to this genus
of plants by a celebrated African monarch, King Juba of Mauritiana. This
king was the son of the partisan Juba, of the wars of Pompey and Caesar.
It is claimed that he was exceptionally learned and had some knowledge
of botany and medicine. Having found purging properties in a plant
growing in his dominion, he called the attention of his renowned court
physician, EUPHORBUS, to it and named it in his honor-EUPHORBIA.
The trivial name, sPURGE, seems to have arisen from the reputed
property given by King Juba, as it is but a contraction of "esPURGE,"
a French term meaning to PURGE.>>
----------------------------------------------------------------------
POINSETTIA PUL(cherrima)
PONTIUS PILATE
---------------------------------------------------------------------
2 KINGS 15:19 And PUL the king of Assyria came against the land:
and Menahem gave PUL a thousand talents of silver, that his hand
might be with him to confirm the kingdom in his hand.

ISAIAH 66:18 For I know their works and their thoughts: it shall come,
that I will gather all nations and tongues; and they shall come, and see
my glory. And I will set a sign among them, and I will send those that
escape of them unto the nations, to Tarshish, PUL, and Lud, that draw
the bow, to Tubal, and Javan, to the isles afar off, that have not heard
my fame, neither have seen my glory; and they shall declare my glory
among the Gentiles.

<<PUL: An Assyrian king. It has been a question whether he was identical
with Tiglath-pileser III. (q.v.), or was his predecessor. The weight of
evidence is certainly in favour of their identity. PUL was the
throne-name he bore in Babylonia as king of Babylon, and Tiglath-pileser
the throne-name he bore as king of Assyria. He was the founder of what
is called the second Assyrian empire. He consolidated and organized his
conquests on a large scale. He subdued Northern Syria and Hamath, and
the kings of Syria rendered him homage and paid him tribute. His
ambition was to found in Western Asia a kingdom which should embrace THE
WHOLE CIVILIZED WORLD, having Nineveh as its centre. Menahem, king of
Israel, gave him the enormous tribute of a thousand talents of silver,
"that his hand might be with him" (2 Kings 15:19; 1 Chr. 5:26). The fact
that this tribute could be paid showed the wealthy condition of the
little kingdom of Israel even in this age of disorder and misgovernment.
Having reduced Syria, he turned his arms against Babylon, which he
subdued. The Babylonian king was slain, and Babylon and other
Chaldean cities were taken, and PUL assumed the title of
"King of Sumer [i.e., Shinar] and Accad.">>
-------------------------------------------------------
POINSETTIA CUN
ANNUIT COEPTIS
"God has favored our undertakings"
-------------------------------------------------------
CUN, Con, v. t. [AS. CUNnan to know, be able, & (derived from this)
CUNnian to try, test.] 1. To know; to understand. [Obs.]

Of muses, Hobbinol, I con no skill. --Spenser.

C(h)UN: Chun is one of the cities of Hadarezer, king of Syria.
David procured brass (i.e., bronze or copper) from it for
the temple (1 Chr. 18:8). It is called Berothai in 2 Sam. 8:8;
probably the same as Berothah in Ezek. 47:16.

Geneva Bible:

1 CHRONICLES 18:8 Likewise from Tibhath, and from ChUN,
cities of Hadarezer, brought David very much brass, wherewith
Solomon made the brasen sea, and the pillars, & the vessels of brass.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.fevertreepress.com/timeline.html

1699 May 23, John Bartram was born in Darby, Pennsylvania.

1702 October 1, South Carolina governor James Moore led expedition
of Indians & Carolinians against the Spanish missions in Florida.
They burned Saint Augustine but failed to subdue Castillo de San Marcos.

1706 January 17, Benjamin Franklin born in Boston.

1707 The Act of Union combined England & Scotland.

1712 May 9, North & South Carolina were each given their own governor.

1717 George Frederick Händel composed Water Music for George I.

1717 The first wave of Ulster Scots emigrated from Ireland to the
American colonies, numbering over 5,000 in the first year alone.

1718 Daniel Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe.

1722-5 Mark Catesby made botanical explorations of South Carolina.

1723 John Bartram married Mary Maris.

1727 George II became King of England.
Sir Isaac Newton died.
Mary Maris died.

1728 John Bartram purchases property for the Bartram Garden.

1729 Jonathan Swift published A Modest Proposal.
Mark Catesby began work on The Natural History of Carolina,
Florida, and the Bahama Islands
North and South Carolina were separated.

1729 October 10, John Bartram and Ann Mendenhall were married.

1730 A quarter of the Cherokee population died of small pox.

1732 Benjamin Franklin began publishing Poor Richard's Almanac.

1732 Purrysburg, S.C., settled by French & Swiss Protestants.

1733 February 12, James Edward Oglethorpe settled Savannah.
John Bartram began corresponding with Peter Collinson.

1738 May, John Bartram discovered American ginseng on Susquehanna.
September 25October 26, John Bartram traveled to the western
shore of Virginia, the Shenandoa Valley, and Blue Ridge Mountains.

1739 The Philadelphia Academy founded by Benjamin Franklin. It was
the First secular college in North America and was the FIrst to offer
a liberal arts education. It became the Univ. of Penn. in 1779.
Oglethorpe captured forts Picolata & Poppa on Saint Johns River.
George WhiteFIeld became the spiritual leader of Georgia and
brought the Great Awakening to the American Colonies.
The War of Jenkins' Ear began and then merged with the War of
Austrian Succession in Europe, also known as King George's War.
It involved a dispute over the Georgia-Florida boundary
and economic rivalry between Spain and England.

1739 April 9, William and Elizabeth Bartram were born at Kingsessing
on the Shuylkill River, west of Philadelphia. His date of birth was
recorded as "2 mo. 9" which has been thought to mean February 9.
By the old Quaker calendar that date is actually April 9 (Julian)

1740 Famine in northern Ireland caused the deaths of 400,000 people
and initiated a third wave of emigration from Ulster.
Scotch-Irish settlers began flooding into the western part
of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina.

1740 February, John Bartram began a correspondence with Mark Catesby.
May 10, Georgians and South Carolinians invaded Florida and
besieged Saint Augustine but fail to take Castillo de San Marcos.

1741 May 20early summer, John Bartram traveled to
the Catskill Mountains and Albany, New York.

1742 George Frederick Handel wrote The Messiah.
July 7, Oglethorpe's Highland regiment defeated the Spanish
at Bloody Marsh on Saint Simons Island.

1743 Benjamin Franklin & John Bartram founded
the American Philosophical Society.

1746 April 16, Bonnie Prince Charley defeated at Culloden Moor.

1749 October 26, slavery was officially sanctioned in Georgia.
December 23, Mark Catesby died in London.

1751 April 1, the Virginia House of Burgesses questioned
the right of Parliament to interfere in colonial affairs.

1752 William Bartram entered the Philadelphia Academy.

1754 July 4, George Washington surrendered Fort Necessity.
Late Summer, John and William Bartram traveled to the
Catskill Mountains and met Dr. Alexander Garden
at the home of Cadwallader Colden.

1755 Samuel Johnson's Dictionary published.
Benjamin Franklin offered to take William
as a printer's apprentice, but John Bartram declined.
William Bartram's drawings were sent to Peter Collinson
and shown to his circle of friends.

1755 October 8, the Acadians were expelled from Canada
and dispersed throughout the British colonies.
November 27, Joseph Salvador purchased 100,000 acres
in South Carolina, and began the First Jewish settlement.

1758 John Bartram was removed from membership of the Darby
Meeting of Friends because he did not acknowledge the divinity
of Jesus. He continued to attend meetings for the rest of his life.

1759 Voltaire wrote Candide.
The British Museum opened.

1760-2 The Cherokee War

1760 March, John Bartram sailed to Charleston
April, Bartram sailed to the Wilmington
and traveled to his Brother William's home.
September 8, The French surrendered Montreal to the British.
October 25, George III ascended the throne of England.

1761 Summer, William Bartram opened a mercantile business
near his Uncle William's plantation on the Cape Fear River.

1763 February 10, Treaty of Paris ends Seven Years War
England obtained possession of East & West Florida
from Spain in exchange for Cuba.
April, John Wilkes was arrested for an article that criticized the
King and his hand-picked prime minister, the Earl of Bute. Wilkes
became a cause célèbre, which lead to greater freedom of the press
in England and the inclusion of that concept in the First amendment
to the United States Constitution.

1765 April 9, John Bartram was appointed
His Majesty's Botanist in North America.
September 4, the Bartrams arrived in Savannah. They lodged
with James Habersham and met with Governor Wright.
They explor the Savannah River with George Galphin.
October 11, the Bartrams arrived in Saint Augustine. They dine
with Governor James Grant the next day. John contracted malaria.
December, the Sons of Liberty was organized in the colonies.
December 22, Bartrams set out on trip up the St. Johns River.

1766 January 12, Bartrams reach headwaters of the St. Johns River
January 23, Bartrams explored around Silver Glen Springs.
January 24, W. Bartram discovered Illicium floridanum, star anise.
Mid-February, the Bartrams returned to Saint Augustine.
William decided to remain in Florida and become a planter.
March 22, John Bartram arrived in Charleston and spent several
weeks preparing his specimens for shipping. With the advice of Henry
Laurens John purchased slaves, supplies, and seeds to send to William.
April 22, John Bartram arrived home in Philadelphia.
July 6, Henry Laurens reports to John Bartram that William's
prospect as a planter looked dim and advised that John encourage his son
to abandon the scheme. Sometime in the late summer William sold out and
went to work for William De Brahm surveying the land for the colony of
New Smyrna. Sometime around December William was shipwrecked
just off the New Smyrna Beach.

1767 Dr. John Fothergill became acquainted with
William Bartram's work and ordered drawings of shells & turtles.
Fall, William Bartram returned to Philadelphia. He worked
as a laborer then returned to the mercantile business.

1768 The Royal Academy was founded.
First edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica published.
Captain James Cook explored the Pacific Ocean.
April 11, Peter Collinson died.
February 11, Massachusetts sought repeal of Townshend Acts.
October 1, two regiments of British troops arrived in Boston.

1769 James Watt patented the steam engine.
April 26, John Bartram elected to
the Royal academy of Sciences of Stockholm.

1770 March 5, Boston Massacre.
September, William, threatened by a creditor,
left Philadelphia for uncle's home in North Carolina.
October 24, William Bartram's Uncle William died.

177175 Over 50,000 Presbyterians emigrated from Ulster to North
America and settled primarily in Carolinas, where they formed a
majority of the backcountry population and became ardent patriots.

1772 Denis Diderot completed his Encyclopedie.
Summer, William proposed that Dr. Fothergill fund a trip to
Florida. That fall Fothergill authorized Dr. Lionel Chalmers of
Charleston to allow Bartram a stipend of £50 and additional payments
for each drawing. In return William would ship seeds & plants.

1773 March 31, Bartram arrived in Charleston.
April 11 or 12, William Bartram arrived in Savannah.
Summer, William Bartram was ill for several weeks
and recuperated at the home of Lachlan McIntosh in Darien.
December 16, the Boston Tea Party destroyed £18,000 worth of tea.

1774 Benjamin Franklin was publicly reprimanded and humiliated.
That day he turned away from reconciliation and stated to Alexander
Wedderburn, "I will make your master a little king for this."

1775 Daniel Boone began cutting the Wilderness Road to Kentucky.

1776 Adam Smith wrote An Investigation into
the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.
July, William Bartram was involved in the defense of Georgia
as a volunteer in the militia commanded by Lachlan McIntosh.
July 4, Declaration of Independence adopted in Philadelphia.
November, William Bartram received an urgent appeal
from his ailing father to return to Philadelphia.

1777 About January 2, William Bartram arrived home in Philadelphia
September 22, John Bartram died.
September 26, The British began the occupation of Philadelphia.

1778 Voltaire died.
February 6, the Treaty of Commerce and Alliance
brought France into the Revolution as an American ally.
August 26, William Bartram signs Affirmation of Allegiance
and Fidelity to the government of Pennsylvania.

1779 March 14, Pennsylvania became the first state to abolish slavery.

1780 December 26, John Fothergill died in London.

1781 Emmanuel Kant wrote Critique of Pure Reason.
January 17, General Daniel Morgan defeated
British Lt. Colonel Banastre Tarleton at Cowpens,
South Carolina.
March 1, the Articles of Confederation was ratiFIed.
March 15, at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse
General Cornwallis won a costly victory against
General Nathaneal Greene. Cornwallis withdrew to Wilmington.
October 19, General Charles Cornwallis surrenders

1782 William Bartram offered the position of professor of botany
at the University of Pennsylvania.
There are no records that he declined the position, he never lectured.

1783 August 13, Charles Town, S.C., incorporated as Charleston.
September 3, The Treaty of Paris ends the American Revolution.
The new American nation included all land
from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River.

1784 Ann Mendenhall Bartram died.

1785 Humphrey Marshall, William Bartram's cousin,
published Arbustum Americanum.
Edmund Cartwright patented the first power-driven loom.
January 27, the University of Georgia was chartered.
March 19, the College of Charleston was chartered.

1786 William Bartram fell from a cypress tree while gathering seeds
and broke his leg. The fracture caused him continuing difficulty
and limited his ability to travel.

1787 May 25, the Constitutional Convention convened in Philadelphia.
June 10, George Washington visited the Bartram Garden.
July 14, Bartam Garden receives visit from Alexander Hamilton,
James Madison, George Mason, John Rutledge,
and other members of the Constitutional Convention.
September 17, Constitution signed by the Constitutional Convention.
George Washington was elected president of the United States.

1789 William Bartram's Observations on the Creek & Cherokee Indians.
July 14, the Bastille was stormed by a Parisian mob.
December, the University of North Carolina chartered in Chapel Hill.

1790 Samuel Slater built the first cotton spinning mill in Pawtucket.

An abscess in Benjamin Franklin's lung burst and he passed into a coma.
He died April 17, with his grandsons William TEMPLE & Bennie at his side.

1791 William Bartram's Travels was published in Philadelphia.
December 5, Mozart died.

1792 Eli Witney built the first cotton gin at Mulberry Grove Plantation.
September 21, the French National Assembly abolished the Monarchy.
September 22, the French Republic was proclaimed.

1793 January 21, Louis XVI was executed.
February 12, the Fugitive Slave Act became law.

1795 October 26, Napoleon Bonaparte commander of the French Army.

1796 June 1, Tennessee was admitted to the Union.

1800 The Library of Congress was established.

1801 Tomas Jefferson became the third president
Ireland became an official part of the United Kingdom.

1803 April 30, the Louisiana Purchase

1804-6 The Corps of Discovery: Meriwether Lewis & William Clark.
William Bartram published "Anecdotes of an American Crow" &
"Some Account of the Late Mr. John Bartram, of Pennsylvania"

1806 Noah Webster published Dictionary.

1810 William Bartram began mentoring Thomas Say, his nephew,
who published America's first book of entomology.

1812 John Bartram, Jr. died. The Bartram Garden was left to his
daughter Ann and her husband Robert Carr.
The Academy of Natural Sciences was founded in Philadelphia
and William Bartram was elected to membership.
April 30, Louisiana was admitted to the Union.

1815 January, Congress authorized $23,950 to purchase
Thomas Jefferson's personal library of 6,487 books
to replenish the Library of Congress burned by the British .

1817 December 10, Mississippi was admitted to the Union.

1819 December 14, Alabama was admitted to the Union.

1820 King George III died.

1821 Sequoyah completed his Cherokee alphabet.
Within six months 25% of the Cherokee population learned to read.

1822 March 30, Florida Territory was created.
May, the Denmark Vesey slave revolt was discovered in Charleston.

1823 July 22, William Bartram died at his home outside Philadelphia.
He was buried the next day in an unmarked grave.
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Art Neuendorffer

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