5 Star Promotions
Leida
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As shown in Table 8 in Appendix B, from 1988 to 1994, each grade had up to three ranks (primary, secondary, and standard). However, in 1994, the standard rank was abolished and each grade was only assigned a primary and secondary rank. The key is that, until recently, rank and grade promotions rarely ever occurred at the same time, which will be discussed later. As a general rule, officers have received a grade promotion every 3 years and a rank promotion every 4 years up to the regiment level.
From 1988, when ranks were reintroduced, to March 2024, a total of 208 PLA and 10 PAP officers were promoted in rank to 3-stars in 38 ceremonies.[ii] Of note, the PLA only has 1-, 2- and 3-star flag officers. There are no 4-star ranks.
The first ceremony was held in 1988 when the PLA re-introduced ranks; however, the next ceremony was not held until 1993. From 1994 through 2006, ceremonies were held only every two years except for special ceremonies in 1999 and 2004 to promote two people each time. Three special ceremonies were also held (2007 and 2012 and 2017) to promote a total of four people. Of note, no ceremony was held in 2018; however, two separate ceremonies were held in 2019 and 2020 in July and December. Two ceremonies were held in 2021 (July and September). Two ceremonies were held in 2022 (January and September). The September ceremony was only for one officer. The first 2023 ceremony was held in January and was only for one officer and the second ceremony was in June for only two officers. The third ceremony in 2023 was for only two officers and was linked to a corruption scandal in the Rocket Force leadership. The fourth ceremony in 2023 was for two officers. The first ceremony in 2024 was held in March for two officers.
According to retired Army Colonel John Corbett, the July 2010 group of promotions demonstrated the path to full general, which combined rank and grade promotions consisting of three observable steps:[iii]
Based on analysis of the 31 3-star promotions starting in 2020 to March 2024, it appears that the PLA has clearly implemented the new rank-based system at the 3-star level and is gradually implementing it at lower levels as well. The first change appears to be that all 3-star promotions now occur simultaneously as a promotion in grade to TC Leader. Each of them previously held 1-2 TC Deputy Leader-grade billets. As such, it appears that TC Leader-grade billets now only have one (3 stars), rather than two (3 stars and 2 stars), assigned ranks.
It appears that the next change will be to link all 2-star rank promotions and TC Deputy Leader-grade promotions together. The PLA has already begun doing this for some, but not all officers. As shown in Appendix E, 8 of the 32 officers discussed received simultaneous 2-star rank promotions and grade promotions to TC Deputy Leader starting in 2021. In addition, the bullets for the 8 officers indicate that the average time to receive a 3-star promotion that coincides with a grade promotion now appears to be only 2.0 to 2.5 years.
The bottom line is that, although the PLA has announced that it is shifting to a rank-based system and has apparently began doing this at the TC leader-grade level, there are still many hurdles it is facing in order to be able to fully implement it and, if it can actually fully implement it, it will take several years.
As with everything the PLA does concerning its personnel, there are a few anomalies and exceptions to the rule. Specifically, concerning the simultaneous 3-star rank promotions and TC Leader-grade promotions, there are 3 anomalies.
First, prior to March 2018, the National Defense University (NDU) and Academy of Military Sciences (AMS) were both TC Leader-grade organizations; however, in March 2018, they were both downgraded to TC Deputy Leader grade.[vii] Although both organizations were downgraded, it appears that the Presidents and PCs have retained the rank of 3-star general and the grade of TC Leader.
Apparently, the President has retained the 3-star rank. Specifically, Xu Xueqiang became the President in September 2021 and Xiao Tianlian became the President in March 2024 and received their 3rd star at the same time.
Second, concerning AMS, Yang Xuejun became the Commandant in 2017 and received his 3rd star in December 2019 and Ling Huanxin became the AMS PC in June 2023 and received his simultaneous 3rd-star promotion.
It is clear that the PLA implemented a system in 2020 to provide simultaneous 3-star rank and TC Leader grade promotions. It is apparently also gradually shifting to the same process for simultaneous 2-star and TC Deputy Leader grade billets as well, but it will take several years to accomplish it. As with everything in the PLA, there are exceptions to every rule.
Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the Air University, the Department of the Air Force, the Department of Defense, or any other U.S. government agency. Cleared for public release: distribution unlimited.
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ASW contributed to the final two years of ITV's regular televised wrestling programme in the UK in (1987 and 1988)[3][4] and some ASW matches were included on VHS and DVD compilations and repeated as part of the World of Sport programming on The Fight Network until it stopped transmission in 2008.[5] They were then repeated on the now defunct Men & Movies channel.
In July 2022, Dixon bequeathed all road management duties to his grandson Joseph Allmark (the son of wrestler Dean Allmark), while continuing to lead the company in a purely office based capacity. Dixon died 27 May 2023, leaving Allmark as sole proprietor.
Brian Dixon, a referee and former head of the Jim Breaks Fan Club, established Wrestling Enterprises in Birkenhead during October 1970 initially as a vehicle for his girlfriend (and later wife) Mitzi Mueller, who was the British Ladies' Champion but had difficulty getting bookings from Joint Promotions.[6] One of the company's earliest claims to fame was rebranding the wrestler Martin Ruane, formerly known as Luke McMasters, as new character Giant Haystacks. Originally called "Haystacks Calhoun", he was patterned after the similar American wrestler of the same name, about whom Dixon had read in imported American wrestling magazines.[7] Haystacks would go on to achieve household fame in the UK after he moved to Joint Promotions in 1975 as the tag team partner - and later the archenemy - of Big Daddy.
During the late 1970s, Wrestling Enterprises held regular major shows at the Liverpool Stadium and organised a version of the World Middleweight Title after the previous version became extinct with the collapse of the Spanish wrestling scene c. 1975.[8][9] This title continued until champion Adrian Street emigrated to America in 1981.[9][10] Wrestling Enterprises also collaborated heavily with another independent promoter, former middleweight star Jackie Pallo. Neither promoter was able to gain a slice of ITV coverage however, as the 1981 contract renewal negotiations resulted in a five-year extension on Joint Promotions' exclusive monopoly of ITV wrestling.[11]
By the early 1980s there was increasing dissatisfaction among both fans and wrestlers with the direction of Joint Promotions (which was increasingly centred on Big Daddy), which resulted in a steady flow of top UK talent into All Star Wrestling (as it was by then renamed) and away from Joint and the TV spotlight. Title-holders such as World Heavyweight Champion Mighty John Quinn, rival claimant Wayne Bridges, British Heavyweight Champion Tony St Clair, World Heavy-Middleweight Champion Mark Rocco, British Heavy-Middleweight Champion Frank 'Chic' Cullen and World Lightweight Champion Johnny Saint all defected to All Star taking their titles with them, as did many non-titleholders.[11] By the mid-1980s All Star was running shows head-to-head with Joint Promotions and had its own TV show on satellite channel Screensport.[12]
The end of TV coverage left many of these storylines at a cliffhanger and consequently All Star underwent a box office boom as hardcore fans turned up to live shows to see what happened next, and kept coming for several years due to careful use of show-to-show storylines.[11] Headline matches frequently pitted Nagasaki in violent heel vs heel battles against the likes of Rocco, Dave 'Fit' Finlay, Skull Murphy and even Giant Haystacks or at smaller venues teaming with regular partner "Blondie" Bob Barrett to usually defeat blue-eye opposition.[14][15][16][17][18]
All Star's post-television boom wore off after 1993 when Nagasaki retired for a second time. However, the promotion kept afloat on live shows at certain established venues and particularly on the holiday camp circuit. Since the mid-1990s, the promotion has mainly been focussed on family entertainment. After the demise of Joint/RWS, All Star's chief rival on the live circuit was Scott Conway's TWA (The Wrestling Alliance) promotion, founded as the Southeastern Wrestling Alliance in 1989.[19] By the late 1990s, many smaller British promoters were increasingly abandoning their British identity in favour of "WWF Tribute" shows, with British performers crudely imitating World Wrestling Federation stars.[11]
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