APUSH Summer Assignment #1 (Why the Arpanet was Built)

[Matthew R. Giorgio]

Welcome all members,

The article you were to read for Monday June 11th concerns the United
States in the immediate aftermath of World War II (WWII). For in those
dying days of the second Great War the United States had emerged as
one of only two remaining world powers. While the rest of Europe had
been engaged in on and off war on their own lands since 1914 the
United States had never been attacked on the continental 48 states
since the Civil War. The only other nation to emerge as powerful as
the US from WWII was the country formerly known as Russia, now called
the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union had played a role in the defeat of
Nazi Germany and had endured many losses at the hands of Hitler. The
United States and Britain had coordinated attacks with the Soviets to
defeat Hitler but the Soviet Union was a socialist nation. Socialism
and Communism threatened the vulnerable United States we believed back
then. For after World War I the United States went into the Great
Depression when Europeans were unable to buy our goods. The US was
worried that the spread of communism might threaten our ability to
make money once again since a communist/socialist country is largely
self sufficient. After we defeated Japan with the use of the Nuclear
Bomb we then entered an unofficial "war" with the Soviets called the
Cold War since there was never any fighting between US and THEM.

Use this information to guide you as you read the article on the
ARPANET.

After reading the entire article, revisit Paragraph VII. For after the
Soviet Union acquired the Nuclear Bomb (Paragraph I) and following the
launch of their satellite named Sputnik the article says that a "space
race" and an "arms race" was born between the US and the Soviet Union
(USSR). The paragraph goes on to state that the US also went on to
rethink its policy on Science and Technology (which we still see today
in schools like ours). Using the information from the rest of the
article as evidence (that's why I numbered the paragraphs) assess the
validity (agree or disagree with) of the following statement:

"War is the Mother of all Inventions."

[Matthew R. Giorgio]

Happy Monday,

Just a friendly reminder that one week from today your answers to the
question posted above are due. To post, simply click the reply tab and
type as if you were writing an email. Grammar does not matter to me
over the summer but it must of course make sense. I honestly look
forward to reading your responses and I am confident that the work we
do these next months will have a strong impact on your success in the
class. As a favor to me, please review the members of the google
group. There are only 19 of us and about 25+ more signed up for the
class. Please encourage your friends/classmates that have not signed
up to check their SPAM folders or email me to join. I want everyone to
have the opportunity to participate in APUSH. Thank you,

Giorgio

On May 24, 12:00 pm, "Matthew R. Giorgio"

[Tran Duong]

       I agree with the statement “War is the Mother of all Inventions.”, because nothing could be accomplished without a little encouragement. The Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union was all about “space race” and “arm race”; both nations competed with each other over space missiles, weapons and nuclear powers. The competition of the United States and Soviet Union was for one reason, fear. After World War II, these countries were not prepared to enter another war, however both countries still feared that the opposing nation will take advantage of the chaos and attack in surprise when they were unprepared and have nothing in defense. Therefore, they felt like it was an urgency to develop advanced technologies such as radar network air defense. In article “Why The Arpanet Was Built”, paragraph II stated the U.S. took two action toward the aircraft system when Soviet Union detonated its first nuclear weapon, because “aircraft were the only way to deliver a nuclear weapon to a distant target at that point, air defense became an immediate U.S. concern.”  First, “The Air Force Science Advisory Board convened an Air Defense System Engineering Committee (ADSEC) in December 1949 chaired by M.I.T. professor George Valley, with the intention of recommending a system that would overcome the many deficiencies of the ad hoc radar network hurriedly being assembled” Secondly, “…President Truman decides to accelerate the development of fusion weapons to deter Soviet use of their less powerful fission weapons.” The invention of computer in 1950 had contributed to the “arm race”. During WW II, all of the radars data scanning air sectors was posted by people with grease pencils  writing on transparent boards, but in early 1950 ADSEC recommended automating this process by transferred all the radar data to the new digital computers (paragraph III-IV). The Korean War bringing the specter of nuclear war even closer and that made the U.S. air defense became more imperativeness. Therefore, the Air Force and M.I.T. established Air Defense Development Center in the mode of the Radiation Laboratory. With the launch of an earth satellite by Soviet Union, another major development in the Cold War confrontation, had led to more concern of the U.S., as the result it established the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) “to be responsible for the direction or performance of such advanced projects in the field of research and development as the Secretary of Defense shall, from time to time designate by individual projects or by that category.”(Paragraph VII-VIII). “ARPA’s early years were characterized by “Presidential Issues,” assignments coming to it directly as the result of the White House concerns about its most critical technical concerns.” (Paragraph IX) with this fact, we can conclude that the ARPA works mostly for the national purpose of foreign attacks, in this case Soviet Union. In conclusion, all the inventions in the U.S. during this time period were created because of the Cold War with Soviet Union, for this reason “War is the Mother of all Inventions”.

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From: Matthew R. Giorgio <matthew....@gmail.com>
To: AP US History - HSA-Dallas <HSA_...@googlegroups.com>
Sent: Monday, June 4, 2012 8:37 AM
Subject: Re: APUSH Summer Assignment #1 (Why the Arpanet was Built)

[Kenny Davila]

I agree with the statement, "War is The Mother of All Inventions." I believe this is so because inventions are invented with a purpose. How does one find a purpose though? Many Inventions were created throughout the Cold War. Due to the fact that both the USSR and the U.S were competing in an "Arms Race' that accompanied the "Space Race", both countries didn't want the other to get ahead of them both technologically and economically. This served as plenty of purpose for inventions to be created, both countries wanted to make sure that if there were to be war that they would be one step ahead of the opposition. 

The "Arms Race" was mostly a chain reaction. In paragraph 1, it states that the USSR detonated its first nuclear weapon. This led to the creation of radars that are placed inside of warplanes that show what's in the vicinity of the surrounding airspace and transmit it back to the base through the telephone lines (Paragraph 6). "Project Lincoln" was designed and created with the purpose of being able to detect enemy "Bomber" planes before they enter the U.S. The "Arms Race" also led to further exploration of a sort of "Database"(Paragraph 13). They tried to create a system that would survive a bombing raid and would help everybody stay organize as what to the next move would be, this came later to be know to be similar to the ARPANET (Paragraph 20). 

"War is The Mother of All Inventions" is phrase that could be controversial if argued properly. As for me, I highly agree with it. Most of these inventions wouldn't exist or be perfected/modernized if it weren't for the Cold War. Pre-War was able to give us great inventions, but im sure actual War will give us greater inventions.

Kenny Davila 

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From: Matthew R. Giorgio <matthew....@gmail.com>
To: AP US History - HSA-Dallas <HSA_...@googlegroups.com>
Sent: Monday, June 4, 2012 8:37 AM
Subject: Re: APUSH Summer Assignment #1 (Why the Arpanet was Built)

[Dyana Yaritza]

I do not agree with the statement, "War is The Mother of All Inventions." This is not completely true because war just let to the development or advances
of technology that had already existed, but due to the desparate need to defeat one another there was new and better inventions created yet not
completely from scratch.They were more like innovations than inventions. (paragraph IV) Computers had already existed during that time, but as the US saw more advances in USSR technology they wanted
to be better and the ideas came together to make the computer something more helpful and more advance.(paragraph XI) The ARPA environment provided ideal ground for
making fundamental "advances" (innovations from inventions) in command and control. & (paragraph XV) Lick called it "research" efforts in cooperative
programming and operation to lead them to solve the problems in technology that military needs. (Paragraph XVI) The RAND Co. had its so called "Think Tank"
meaning meaning creative center of ideas ( not inventions). They were just continuing technology efforts to facilitate man-machine interaction. I believe that
thanks to the actual "arms race" and  "space race" between the USSR & US we can enjoy the advances of technology today. The Cold War seems to me as
a war over knowledge and not exaclypower over space or weapons. They fought over who could develope much more useful technological material that could
prove to be better than any other invention the oponent had to defeat one another. (Paragraph VIII) DARPA decided over the years that technological surprise
would never be repeated. What prevented technological surprise means in practice, the Agency does the surprising, not the other way around meaning that they invented to a point where they actually thought everything
was the best they could do & there was nothing better so there could be no surprising attacks with anything they would have no control over.
If you think of it, invention is actually the mother of war because of the competition there is to be better than the other. In war there
really isn't a need for inventions. Although war did increase inventions, it was more like the development in advances to inventions that had already existed and
proved to be helpful during wartime. This is my reason for not agreeing with the statement, "War is The Mother of All Inventions."

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From: Matthew R. Giorgio <matthew....@gmail.com>
To: AP US History - HSA-Dallas <HSA_...@googlegroups.com>
Sent: Monday, June 4, 2012 8:37 AM
Subject: Re: APUSH Summer Assignment #1 (Why the Arpanet was Built)

[Andres]

The statment, "War is the Mother of all Inventions" is true. The Cold
War made the U. S. and the Soviet Union to invent new technology to
help themselves from an attack from each other. Soviet Union launched
and earth satellite. U. S.started to focus more on science and
engineering for the sake of advancing in technology. Both of these
countries were inventing these machines to protect themeselfs from
each other.

On October 4, 1957 Soviet Union launched an earth satellite. This was
"another major development in the Cold War" (paragraph 7). This caused
more conflict between them and U. S. It made U. S. believe if they can
launch a satelite then they will have no difficulty in launching
missles to U. S. This also "[initiated] a 'space race'"(paragraph 7)
between these two countries. The "space race" was to see which of
these two countries will achive to go to space. It made both countries
to make more afficient aircrafts to reach the outmosphere. Now U.S.
started to focus on science and engeneering.

The United States wanted to keep up on the "race" against Soviet
Union. On Februrary 7, 1958, they "established the Advanced Research
Projects Agency (ARPA, now DARPA.)"(paragraph 8) This agency was
created to make sure they keep up with the technology and not be left
behind. They are in charge of advandce projects in the field of
research and development. Lick and his succesor, Ivan Sutherland, both
computer scientists, helped improve the computers. The computer was
improved by making communication and storage more easy to the people.
This helps them by solving problems to difficult for one person. The
Cold War has forced the countries to improve technology.

Soviet Union and U. S. both advanced in creating and improving their
technology due to war. They invented these to instruments protect
themselfs from each others inventions. "War is the Mother of all
Inventions", if it was not for the Cold War neither of the countries
would have reason to create these inventions.

Andres Herrera

On May 24, 10:00 am, "Matthew R. Giorgio"

[Alex Mendez]

I agree with quote "war is the mother of all inventions", because
during any war there has to be the most current and most sufficient
technology in order to assure victory. Using the events in the cold
war, between the United States and the Soviet Union, can prove that
war can increase the sufficiency of inventions. Such as two events
that takes place in this long stand still, known as the "space race",
and "arm race", where these two nations compete with each other trying
to produce the most powerful items, like weapons, especially nuclear
ones. Because of war both nations fear each others power and want to
stay a dominant super power and also are being constantly pushed, and
pressured to come up with the best technology,but because of these
events many inventions are made.
After World War II, a very brutal war where an abundance of new
technology comes out, including the first nuclear bomb dropping in
Japan, two super powers come out, it's the U.S and the Soviet Union,
both fear each others power so have a long stand still known as the
cold war where they compete, but also making technology more superior.
In the "1950 radar data would be digitized, transmitted over telephone
lines, and analyzed on computers"(IV). Since nuclear bombs are dropped
down by airplanes, both countries wish to know the location of each
other, so since both are very paranoid about each other they are
motivated to build better technology of detecting on and other. This
may not be a huge advancement but its is one none the less and is
brought on because of fear of war. Also the fear over security leads
to the Spatnik project which was a satellite launched by the Soviet
union on October 4, 1957 (VII). This new technology can also help in
security which both is vital for each other, and again since they are
in war inventions are being made. This stand still brought up new
technology for defense, so war brings a break through in technology.
The United States keeps up with the soviets as well. In "1958 they
establish the advance research proj. agency." (VIII)and this project
acquires all big minds just as one of the more notable "WWII Manhattan
Project"(VII). This new agency which is just an american org. to make
sure that they don't fall behind of the Soviet Union, and this is also
an equivialnt to the Manhattan project which was the project which
they used to develop the first nuclear bombs. An org. is created by
the U.S for only one reason which is to stay ahead, and in case of war
to break out so war created this. Final fact that proves that how war
makes inventions. the us also worried about security and made at m.i.t
their own radar advancements(III). so the war motivated advancments to
protect their own land
Since a competition between two big super powers broke out inventions
are being created spontaneously. War paranoids both sides in to making
advance things. so war is the true mother of all inventions, without
war many things the people use came from the fundamentals of the
serious projects, and also are military is always advancing through
war. Every country always believes in being a step ahead in front of
the enemy. So war is the mother of all invention war urges the
government to have more functional and better technology, which then
leads to advancing old technology and making new one. This is why i
agree that War is truly the mother of all inventions.



On Jun 4, 8:37 am, "Matthew R. Giorgio" <matthew.r.gior...@gmail.com>

[Jennifer Contreras]

I do agree that "War is the Mother of all Inventions." Because without war they would be no reason in the need of new things being invented or evolved. The need for technology is an example of how war makes people want to invent something that will help both themselves and the country they live in. An example of this is the improvement of the radar (Paragraph 3). This was a way the U.S. took action toward the conflict they had with the Soviet Union. They did this because they wanted to be prepared for an attack because they wanted to be able to warn both themselves and the people of the U.S. Another example of how war effects people and how it influences the need to invent better and more precise weapons, equipment, and also much more efficient and faster technology is Lick. He initiated a major change by saying that computers should also be part of war. He believed that with more sophisticated computers, the military could use them at their advantage. (Paragraph 15) He had many things in mind but the only thing he did was actually influence people.
Although there was many type of inventions that were military wise when the war occurred, another type of invention because of all the competition happened too. With all the fighting and all the tension building up, the Soviet and the U.S. would compete against each other not just by war but also by who had the best research of many things. An example of this is the "space race" which was a competition between the Soviet and the U.S for supremacy in space exploration (Paragraph 7). This competition between the 2 powerful nations caused the need to make satellites and other very sophisticated inventions that an advantage to both nations.
The more they invented, the more the tension between both nations grew. This was because they began to see how much of a threat they were both to each other. The Air Force and nuclear weapons is what they both used to ease the tension. In inventing this, both nations became more secure but the Soviet Union was less (Paragraph 16). The Soviet saw the need to address its strategic role in the projection of the U.S. power so they established the RAND Corporation.
Because of all of this I do strongly agree that "War is the Mother of all Inventions"

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From: Matthew R. Giorgio <matthew....@gmail.com>
To: AP US History - HSA-Dallas <HSA_...@googlegroups.com>
Sent: Monday, June 4, 2012 8:37 AM
Subject: Re: APUSH Summer Assignment #1 (Why the Arpanet was Built)

[iago Barreto]

I agree with the statement War is the great 

"mother of invention" but is not completely correct,

fear and necessity are the great parents of invention,

however we unfortunately we choose to express fear and

necessity through war.

 War are the Parents, Fear is the father 

and Necessity the mother.

I agree with the statement "war is the mother of all inventions" because in history and especially in the 

case of the Cold War (Although there was no actual war between the participants), war was and is a great catalyst

for the invention, development, and manufacture of new technologies. During the Cold War the 

expansion and refinement of radar technology and operational procedures was a direct response to the 

U.S.S.R.'s successful development, testing (which occurred on August 29 1948) and no doubt production 

of "fission weapons".(P.1) The automation of Radar's data collecting and displaying methods in the 

1950s and 60s, which was first recommended by ADSEC in 1950, and made by the now renamed 

Research Laboratory for Electronics located at Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

is a perfect example of how war ,or in this case this the prospect of war can influence 

the development and production of new technology.(P.2 & 4) It is also important to note that

the later missile defense system was created in direct response to the U.S.S.R.'s successful launch of

the first human satellite Sputnik, a result of the "space race" and "arms race" between the

 Unites States and the U.S.S.R. and I say arms race because the ability of making a rocket capable of sending a heavy 

satellite into orbit means that the ability of sending a nuclear warhead into orbit and making it fall anywhere in the world is already at hand

meaning that the U.S.S.R. had I.C.B.M.s or Inter Continental Ballistic Missiles and the U.S. created a missile defense system that is 

operational today, although today's version has brought the need of new technology such as direct energy weapons which are already operational 

and are the result of the "war on the terror" and other resent conflicts.(P.7 & 8)

By far the most widely use technology that was "invented" during the Cold War was the invention of the the internet.

The internet or the technology of packet-switching networks was invented by the U.S. Military during the 1950s-1970s,

it was the work of many great people such as J.C.R. licklider of M.I.T., Leonard Kleinrock of M.I.T. and later U.C.L.A.(P.10 & 32)

The internet is one of the powerful examples of how war can inspire the development of new technology, but war and new technology

are double edge swords it can inspire new developments, but can also bring the end of lives and not just a few.

One powerful example of this was the invention of the atomic bomb, build by the United States out fear that Nazi Germany would

build one first and also from the hope to end the war quickly. The development of Fission technology was

 the pinnacle twentieth-century technological  advancement it is also one of the greatest controversies of times.

Fission and Fusion technology is one of the great double edge swords

that can either bring us great advancement as the human race develops or destroys us all. 

In conclusion "war [has been and hopefully not , but probably will be] the mother [or parents] of Invention" because war is the violent expression of Human

needs and fear, it is what  we so carelessly do get and make  ourselves make the things we need to quench our necessities and our fears.

[Hilda Quiroz]

I disagree with the following statement “War is the Mother of All
Inventions”. My argument is that war is obliviously not the creator of
ALL inventions. Key word “ALL”. Yes I agree, war had a major impact on
technology advancement and new inventions but the quote states “ALL
inventions”. Not ALL inventions were created because of wars. I don’t
recall cosmetics being an invention due to the cause of war.

During the Cold War advancement in technology took place. On January
31, 1950 “President Turman decided to accelerate the development of
fusion weapons” in order to restrain the Soviet Union from proceeding
making their fission weapons useless. (P.II) What lead to a response
of the Cold War confrontation was the “launch of an earth satellite by
the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957”. By this invention the USSR could
deliver missiles armed with nuclear warheads to the US. This created a
“space race” and “arms race” resulting in an increase in research and
education in science and engineering. All of this was initiated
because of the war ONLY. The “Think Tank” involved ideals,
mathematical analysis, and the analogy simulation in facilities all
taking place in the System Research Laboratory.  This practically
turned into a competition or a “race” to see who could invent the next
big thing first. What caused the countries to compete was the fear of
being defeated. When North Korea invaded South Korea, the U.S.
responded by creating the ARPA for research and projects because they
saw the necessity for air defense.

The Cold War led to many new or developing ideas in technology however
war only caused these science and math inventions such as the
internet. The more appropriate quote would be “Necessity is the Mother
of ALL inventions” meaning complicated situations motivate ingenious
solutions. People will do anything if they are in desperate need of it
like the U.S. was when they realized they needed an air defense. War
was a threat, nuclear weapons were needed, advancement in
communication was needed, and new inventions were invented but not ALL
inventions were created because of war.

On May 24, 12:00 pm, "Matthew R. Giorgio"
<matthew.r.gior...@gmail.com> wrote:

[Joshua Jones]

I begrudgingly agree with the statement " War is the Mother of all inventions" because despite the savageness of war fought by man, during war the fight to want to survive kick-starts the ingenuity of man.

In the article "WHY THE ARPANET WAS BUILT" the technological advances of the Cold War were discussed. In the postwar aftermath of WWII, the Soviet Union established it's fierce superiority by means of a nuclear weapons strike by means of aircraft, causing the U.S. to reevaluate its own air defense systems, namely improving the paucity of the ad hoc radar network, and also cause their own weapons of war to be augmented, in an effort to dispel the threat of the Soviet Union (II). Because of this event in mankind's history, it shows that in difficult circumstances, markedly war, technology is to be improved. 

While engaging in the "Space race" and the "Arms race" the U.S. and the Soviet Union both underwent significant scientific changes in the fields of war, to accommodate the pushing force of either world power, causing the other to be fueling the developments of the next. In 1950 ADSEC proposed to automate the process of scanned radar data being shown to defense specialists, hastening the preparation of those who would be caught by surprise in the event of an inevitable attack (IV). The need for this was then stressed when South Korea was caught off guard by North Korea then when China joined in the fight between the two forces, a threat of a nuclear war was prevalent (V). From this it is shown that the driving force of technology was the guttural sound of war, and the threat of destruction of the weakest power.

The Space race was fueled in 1957 during the Cold War, when the Soviet Union displayed their ability to launch and control objects in space, which threatened the U.S. because it meant that the power to deploy nuclear warheads was an all-to-real possibility (VII). This caused the U.S. to retaliate by forming the governmental agency of DARPA, formerly ARPA, which consists of a little over a hundred low funded geniuses in their respective fields of science and technology who formulate advancing technological resources and war strategies so that the U.S. is  to "[do] the surprising, not the other way around, [in practice]" (VIII). Taking into account of the threats faced, the U.S. retaliated in the likewise manner of the "Space race" advancing in the field of technology and science, and formulation of complex plans in order to recover and strike quickly when challenged (IX).

Due to all of the challenges faced that led to substantial amount of changes incurred because of war, it can be sufficient to say that technology used during warfare is advanced upon only after the need in met. So if there are big guns, we get bigger ones. Suffice to say, 

"War Is the Mother of all Inventions."

[moises rico]

I agree with the statement "War is the Mother of all Inventions" simply because of all the

great technological improvements that were spawned through the Cold War and from the

US and USSR being wary of one another, under the guise of a possible nuclear war both

states continued to improve on existing technologies for the use of war as a form of deterrence.  .

From the threat that the US posed to the Soviets and vice versa both countries

would continue to try and outdo each other by continually building up their own weapons.

This is first shown when it was decided to accelerate the research of fusion weapons in an attemp

t to stop the Soviets from using their less powerful fission weapons(2). Other pieces of technology

also received necessary upgrades, in 1949 ADSEC and the Radiation Laboratory at MIT sought

to expand and augment their current radar equipment (which had been in use since WW2) in hopes of

being adequate in the detection of aircraft and alerting the general public, thus

the first computers were used for this goal and the SAGE system was created (3&4). The fears of

the US were realized once the Soviet Union launched an earth satellite, called Sputnik, since the USSR

could now launch satellites into space they also had the ability to launch ICBMs and so the "Space Race"

begin which was really a branch off the Arms Race , so the US then began to to rethink their policy for

science and technology so that this new missile gap could be lessened (7&17). Further aggression in the

form of proxy wars, in which the enemies would not fight head-on but rather fight through a third-party,

such as the Vietnam War and Korean War-- the US supported the democratic governments and the Soviets

supported the communist regimes-- the US had to accelerate research. Through their need for new

technologies the US funded new programs, ARPA was founded under the Department of Defence for

work on some of the most crucial projects needed, NASA was also formed which was solely for the

Space Race and which only a decade after it's formation manged to put a man on the moon as promised by JFK (8&10).

Luckily through Nuclear Deterrence, a theory based on imminent retaliation in the event of one country

launching the first strike, all the advancements in nuclear technology were never put to use. The most important

advancements that effect us now such as the Internet and GPS (through statellites) formed from advancements

made during the Cold War, other different innovations such as in the sciences of physics,chemistry, and engineering.

It has become apparent throughout the article how the the threat of war caused both states to advance in science.

---

From: Matthew R. Giorgio <matthew....@gmail.com>
To: AP US History - HSA-Dallas <HSA_...@googlegroups.com>
Sent: Monday, June 4, 2012 8:37 AM
Subject: Re: APUSH Summer Assignment #1 (Why the Arpanet was Built)

[Valeria Santoyo]

  I readily concur with the statement "War is the Mother of inventions" because

of World War II's aftermath, taken place in both the United States and the USSR.

  Although there was no actual battle field or combat involved

the fear, tensions, and threat existed between the world's super powers at the time,

being the United States and the United Soviet Socialist Republics. 

  The major event that led to the networking of computers occurred on August 29th

of 1949 (P1). The fact that air craft was the only way to "deliver" nuclear weapons 

and that the USSR was a communist nation while the United States was democratic, 

did lead to political clash, not war-like-combat clash, but rather political rivalries between

the Americans and the Soviets. The tension between the two very powerful nations led to the 

Cold War, when WWII ended in 1945, since Germany was no longer a threat, up to the collapse of the 

Soviet Union in 1991. 

  1957 the Soviet Russian space launch of Sputnik, an earth satellite in 1957, was a viewed 

as a direct threat to the United States and the offence was responded with America's further

development on education, science, technology, and other important sectors that benefited 

the military and security. American technology had to be improved and be superior

over the Russian technology, but the satellite was a major demonstration that the USSR

could readily attack the United States with powerful weaponry, since it had major success 

being able to launch an earth satellite in space. This was a a major influence that sparked 

the "space race" (P7). All the events occurring during the Cold War were because of the 

potential threats that could happen. 

 In 1948, the US recognized that they needed to enlist the US scientific and

technical community. The immediate result of this recognition was the establishment

of the RAND corporation, primarily focusing on bombing accuracy, air-to-air combat,

and the operation of air defense centers (P16) thus called the Research And Development

corporation.

 As stated earlier although there was no actual combat and the wars were actually

just competitions of who could create the strongest weapons and of who seemed

more worthy of being a superpower was all the Cold War (P20). This war brought about

all the weaponry that influences us today and it very much compliments the

statement: "War is the mother of inventions." The establishment of the RAND, internet,

Sputnik, nuclear bombs, strong artillery, air defense and radar networks were 

heavily influenced by the "taunting" events in the war, that is why I agree with the statement.

The sole purpose of the war was to create inventions that could bring 

about security and most importantly power. 

> Date: Mon, 4 Jun 2012 06:37:19 -0700

> Subject: Re: APUSH Summer Assignment #1 (Why the Arpanet was Built)

> From: matthew....@gmail.com
> To: HSA_...@googlegroups.com

[cesar garcia]

I agree with the statement of "War is the Mother of all Inventions." because war demands the need of more advanced technology in a country if it wants to win and stay safe. The competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union during the Cold War forced both countries to develop more advanced technology. As a result organisations like the ARPA were created. Communication and command systems were upgraded too and from that it led to the weapons we have now.

The motivation to beat oneanother, between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, led to the "Space Race" and the "Arms Race", the need to be the worlds super power made them upgrade their techonology and like Iago said the "fear" they had from one another also drove them to create better technology and weapons. The fear of losing to oneanother in the Cold War , which wasnt really a physical war between them for the most part, required them to be more advanced than their rival. Weapons never seen before were revealed and were more known now, like the nuclear weapons. Also new technology was invented like the satellite that the Soviet Union created, and as a result the U.S. created satellites too to compete and not stay behind. The presindent Truman wanted to accelerate the making of more advanced weapon ( p.2). Both countries were lookinf for eachother to keep an eye on them selfs and to do that they needed radars to detect eachothers technologies and weapons for this the M.I.T. helped a lot by providing better command and control over their weapons and army.

Because they needed to have good communication with their armies and their new developed weapons and for that they needed better computers and ways of communication and command. People belived that it would be better if they recieved support from computer systems and coputation at their command, this would provide them with better communication and well also command (p.11). In the U.S. an organisation was created to keep control over all this new technological projects which was the ARPA (p.8). They created the ARPANET between 1958-1974 (p.10), this was a great factor also for the development of new computer systems. The M.I.T. made the MAC, which was the computer that works kind of like what is Facebook now but military wise where only people in the servise could share information and only the ones connected could recieve it. All of this was to make command and communication better. Baran had created a system that was intended to connect the natonal security on the U.S. (p.20).

The Cold War, like Iago and Andres said, helped the technology advancement in the world. The fear from one another made them protect themself by having good communication and command over their armies around the world, all of this was done by creatinting better computers which can send data and help command their armies. In conclusion the statement "War is the Mother of all Inventions." is correct and describes the outcomes of a war for dominance in who is better.

[Erica Vazquez]

  I agree with the statement that “War is the mother of all inventions” because due to the military necessity of better weapons and technology, we have all of our technological devices today.  The cold war is a perfect example of the important role played by the wars in the development of technology in our society.
   During the Cold war, the U.S and the USSR developed a “space race” and an “arms race” (Paragraph VII).   Competition between these two world powers was the draw for most of the technological developments made by the U.S and USSR.  “The launch of an earth satellite by the Soviet Union on October 4 1957” (paragraph VII) not only initiated the “space race” and “arms race” but this also showed to the US that they could deliver nuclear missiles to the US. The U.S’s needs of protection and an effective defense in case of an attack made them “invent” new and more effective aircrafts.
  The “races” between these two countries was the also the  cause of the creation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) which was responsible for the development of new technology for use by the military.   This agency’s great developments in “communication, navigation, meteorological, and missile launch warning” (paragraph IX) not only benefited the military branch but our society as well.  Without the need for a better communication system, the creation of the internet may never had happened.  The need of better navigation systems ended up creating the GPS that  facilitates trips.  The need of an effective method to know the condition of the weather were favorable to safe flights and transportation. And the missile launch warning protects the people.
  In my opinion, the needs faced in the Cold War, as in most wars, drive the demand to invent and innovate technology. It proves that “War is the Mother of all Invention."

[Matthew R. Giorgio]

Wow Class! These are some very thoughtful responses. And...this is
exactly what I will expect from you all year long. In case you hadn't
seen it Ruhama posted her response in a separate thread which I
include below, as did Baldemar. Your next assignment is to read the
chapter on African American history from the From Freedom to Slavery
book. Your assignment will follow sometime before Friday. I have to
grade these first however. Your grade will be out of 20 points and I
will email you all individually. The most important part is that you
did your work ON TIME and thoroughly. Thanks for your participation.
Without it I might as well talk to the wall.

Ruhama wrote:

I agree with the statement “war is the mother of all inventions”. Life
is
the motivation in all aspects of war, whether it is life of the
soldiers or
the citizens involved in it, and when life is on the line the need
for
innovation of technologies and battle artilleries are the escape of
death
onto another day. There was a clear motive and purpose behind the
construction of the Arpanet and it was to not only better communicate
but
gain advantage for the nation they were trying to protect. It was
war.
Although there was never an actual war during the cold war the fear
of
death at any moment drove each opponents to crazily seek an advantage
and
superiority over one another. Since aircraft was the only way to
deliver a
nuclear weapon to a distant target at that point (paragraph 1) the
U.S. had
to come up with something that was going to aid them through this
“war”
thus leading them to convene an ADSEC. Throughout the article “WHY
THE
AIRPANT WAS BUILT” you see that the drive of these inventions is fear
that
leading opponent will dominate through the war. “Arms race” (a
competition
between nations to have the most powerful armament) and “space
race”(a
period of time when the soviet union and the united states focused on
beating each other in space exploration) have one thing in common and
its
competition. And this competition is what we know as war. I won’t
retaliate
the same thing over and over again but it is very self-evident that
through
the strive to excel (where life is on the line) comes some of the
greatest
invention.so I conclude in saying this, I’m pretty sure if your butt
was on
the line (excuse my poor vocabulary) you would definitely try to be
inventing something, if not an invisible cloth. You can call it war,
the
fear to die in a war, call it whatever you please but in the end "WAR
IS
THE MOTHER OF ALL INVENTIONS".

Baldemar wrote:

I disagree with the statement of "War is the Mother of all
Inventions."i disagree because war demands the need of more advanced
technology in a country if it wants to win and stay safe. The fight
between the U.S. and the Soviet Union during the Cold War made both
countries to develop more advanced technology.there were many outcomes
and results one of them was that the organization called ARPA was
created. Communication and command systems were upgraded so that it
led to the many weapons we have now. The motivation between the U.S.
and the Soviet Union, led to the "Space Race" and the "Arms Race", so
since they both wanted to become this great holder of power it made
them upgrade their techonology and like cesar and iago said said that

the "fear" they had from one another also drove them to create better

technology and weapons. The fear of the two countries losing to each
other in the Cold War , at first it really wasnt a physical war
between them, this required them to be more advanced than their rival.
Weapons werennt really known to mankind until these two countries
started to fight, but one major weapon was many nuclear weapons. the
sovit union also created many technologies such as the satelite, and
as a result the U.S. created satellites too to compete with the
soviets. The presindent Truman wanted to accelerate the making of more
advanced weapon ( p.2). well eventually the countries were already to
deep in the "competion" to back out and as many thing began to develop
the two countries were observing each other and waited until someone
created something and then the other would make an item even better.
M.i.T. helped out the two countries by giving them radars to keep
track of each other. since they both needed to have good communication
with their armies and their new developed weapons and they also needed
to have even better communication devices than what they already had
because not many were reliable so they began to use computers as a way
of command and as a communicating tool. People belived that it would

be better if they recieved support from computer systems and
coputation

at their command, beacuse this would provide them with better
communication.(p.11). They created the ARPANET between 1958-1974 (p.
10), it was a vey good way to communicate between the two countries
also for the development of new computer system. The M.I.T. made the
MAC, which was the computer that the countries used to communicate.
All of this was to make command and communicating better. Baran had
created a system that was intended to connect the natonal security to
the U.S. (p.20). The fear from one another made them protect
themselves by having
good communication and command over their armies around the world.
well in conclusion the statement "War is the Mother of all
Inventions." is correct because it describes how dominance and
technology can help creat many new devices.although i disagree with
the saying i think it is still true beacuse it can show who is better.

> >   *De:* Matthew R. Giorgio <matthew.r.gior...@gmail.com>
> > *Para:* AP US History - HSA-Dallas <HSA_...@googlegroups.com>
> > *Enviado:* Lunes, 4 de junio, 2012 8:37 A.M.
> > *Asunto:* Re: APUSH Summer Assignment #1 (Why the Arpanet was Built)

[Alan Padilla]

I agree with the statement that “war is the mother of invention”. I agree more that fear of war is the drive for the increase of invention but also innovation. Both the USSR and the USA both had paranoia toward one another about their increase in nuclear power and technological capabilities to attack without detection.  This caused the USA to form special militarized agencies for the nation security for example the ADSEC which purpose was to improve radar development and fusion weapons. (P3) The fear of war drove ADSEC to use the new digital computers that where being developed to digitize radar data and transmitted it over telephone line to automate the process of tactical air defense. (P6) A greater effect of innovation was viewed when the USA set up the agency of ARPA which was later followed by the creation of NASA by the DoD to counter act the launch of Sputnik of the Soviet Union in Oct 4, 1957, which caused the “Space race” to start.   NASA achieved the goal of space travel and successful landing of the moon which was caused by fear of USSR advancements with Sputnik. (P9) If the USSR could launch a satellite what’s to stop it from launching a missile into space that can contain a nuclear weapon and send it toward the US? 

The US also realized in order to set up enough defenses and counter attacks toward USSR they would need to speed up the process of spreading information. Data needed to be sent and viewed simultaneously by agencies. That was the goal of IPT led by Lick to set up a proper DoD-network.(19) This was the first ideas that led the invention of a small little thing we call today the internet. This in all provides evidence that just the fear of war can be enough to start inventions of new technologies and innovations of old ones.

On Thursday, May 24, 2012 12:00:19 PM UTC-5, Matthew R. Giorgio wrote:

On Thursday, May 24, 2012 12:00:19 PM UTC-5, Matthew R. Giorgio wrote:

On Thursday, May 24, 2012 12:00:19 PM UTC-5, Matthew R. Giorgio wrote:

On Thursday, May 24, 2012 12:00:19 PM UTC-5, Matthew R. Giorgio wrote:

[Sarah ^^]

     I disagree with the statement "War is the mother of all inventions". Necessity is more the mother of the inventions. In the case of the Cold War (1947-1991), the need for scientific development and technological advances (Communication between airplanes and bases) was in high demand. To comply with the need of these advances, "DoD Directive (...) established the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)" (Paragraph VII). ARPA was the Agency which came up with the ARPANET (it was basically the pre-internet). The ARPANET was made so it would become easier to communicate with other computers, and other planes. I guess on this point you can say "War is the mother of some Inventions" such as the ARPANET. War was definitely a motivation for the invention, because they were racing to upgrade their global positioning system (GPS) more quickly than the other. However on the other hand, farming serves as a mother to inventions because of the necessity of food. Among the many inventors, take Eli Whitney (inventor of cotton gin), and George Washington Carver (discover of Crop Rotation and inventor of many uses for peanuts) for example, they did not make their inventions for war. Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin, which revolutionized the farming/textile industry. While it is true that the military benefited from the Cotton Gin because of its uniforms and what not. It would be a stretch to say the Cotton Gin was created for war. The other inventer, George Washington Carver discovered crop rotation and because of that discovery invented many many uses for the peanut. The mother of George Washington Carvers, discovery of crop rotation and the ensuing invention relating to the peanut was the Dust Bowl not at all relating to War. While it is true that War is the mother to many of our great inventions, it is not mother to all of them. There are inventions that come from many fields such as medicine, pharmaceuticals, underwater exploration, farming, industry, and many others, too many to list. Therefore War is NOT the mother to all inventions.

--
I think Zetsu ate santa poor santa :3

[Matthew R. Giorgio]

Dear All,

These responses have been a pleasure to read. I have finally finished
grading all of them and you will receive your grades later today. I
agree with many of your arguments. War is a powerful force. But does
it give birth to new inventions, does it cause people to work harder
on existing technologies or do the new technologies and the
competition for them create the desire to steal and fight with one
another?

The Cold War was a scary time for many people and you have seen how
the Internet was born from the military's need to communicate and
share information at a faster pace. This is one more reminder that
history is important for several reasons. I would like you all to
continue this high level thinking throughout our course. There is not
one person who responded to this question that I would not welcome in
AP US History so keep it up.

Giorgio

On Jun 16, 9:25 pm, "Sarah ^^" <deidaraism...@gmail.com> wrote:
>      I disagree with the statement "War is the mother of all inventions". *
> hNecessity* is more the mother of the inventions. In the case of the Col

> War (1947-1991), the need for scientific development and technological
> advances (Communication between airplanes and bases) was in high demand. To
> comply with the need of these advances, "DoD Directive (...) established
> the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)" (Paragraph VII). ARPA was the
> Agency which came up with the ARPANET (it was basically the pre-internet).
> The ARPANET was made so it would become easier to communicate with other
> computers, and other planes. I guess on this point you can say "War is the

> mother of *some* Inventions" such as the ARPANET. War was definitely a

> motivation for the invention, because they were racing to upgrade their
> global positioning system (GPS) more quickly than the other. However on the
> other hand, farming serves as a mother to inventions because of the
> necessity of food. Among the many inventors, take Eli Whitney (inventor of
> cotton gin), and George Washington Carver (discover of Crop Rotation and
> inventor of many uses for peanuts) for example, they did not make their
> inventions for war. Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin, which
> revolutionized the farming/textile industry. While it is true that the
> military benefited from the Cotton Gin because of its uniforms and what
> not. It would be a stretch to say the Cotton Gin was created for war. The
> other inventer, George Washington Carver discovered crop rotation and
> because of that discovery invented many many uses for the peanut. The
> mother of George Washington Carvers, discovery of crop rotation and the
> ensuing invention relating to the peanut was the Dust Bowl not at all
> relating to War. While it is true that War is the mother to many of our
> great inventions, it is not mother to all of them. There are inventions
> that come from many fields such as medicine, pharmaceuticals, underwater
> exploration, farming, industry, and many others, too many to list.
> Therefore War is NOT the mother to all inventions.
>

> ...
>
> read more »

[Matthew R. Giorgio]

Hey All,

Brandon has been away in Turkey. Here is his post:

I agree with the statement "War is the Mother of all Inventions"
because nothing can be invented without a reason and in order to be
successful in any war one must have the better technology.
Because both the USSR and the US were fearful about each other's
nuclear power and technological potential they both tried to surpass
each other. This is accurate because of Truman's decision to
accelerate the development of fusion weapons to try to stop Soviet
from using their less powerful ones, and of the formation of special
militarized agencies, such as the ADSEC, which was designed to improve
radar development (p2&3). In 1950, ADSEC recommended automating the
radar process and with the help of the Office of naval Research were
able to digitize radar data and transmit it over telephone lines
(p3&4). The launch of the satellite by the Soviet Union on October 4,
1957 was when US worst fears began to take shape. This showed that if
the USSR could send satellites then they too could send missiles. This
is how the "Space Race" began and was accompanied by the "Arms Race".
So this made the US rethink their policy for science and
technology(p7). Another way they both tried to outdo each other was
the US's response by establishing ARPA, now known as DARPA, to work on
the more advanced projects followed by NASA which was made to counter
the launch of the Soviet Union's satellite, Sputnik(p8&10).
However, the most important technological advancement, which affects
many people today, would be what lead to the creation of the
internet(p19). This shows how powerful fear caused by war can lead to
the formation of new technologies which can impact everyone.

On May 24, 12:00 pm, "Matthew R. Giorgio"
<matthew.r.gior...@gmail.com> wrote:

[Dyana Yaritza]

I believe the U.S has the right to claim itself a world power/ world leader during the cold war. Even though it had problems of its own it managed to overcome
military as well as political tentions in the cold war just fine. The U.S. was always ready to take action putting its great innovations to work against its
enemy, the USSR. Many important American citizens took action in the Black Revolution so it cannot be stated that they couldn't manage to secure the most basic
freedoms to Africna Americans. (The road to revolution, paragraph 2) When the supreme court decided on the desegregation in many schools, President Eisenhower
defended African Americans gaining them back their admission to schools.(paragraph 7 ) In 1948 President Truman proposed a Civil Rights for Negos following
Geisenhower's four-point propsal. Congress did pass a civil rights bill after debate and pressure from civil rights advocates. The U.S. also took part in punishing
those who wouldn't let Negros vote. (Paragraph 9) The U.S. Commission on civil rights was in charge of alligations of denial of the right to vote and to appraise
the laws and policies of the federal government with respect to equal protection. Also, when Negros finaly started to fight for their rights starting eith the sit-in
movement led to the organization of the SNCC,SCLC, & the NAACP by Pauli Murray, Ella Balier, & Fannie Lou Humer ( All great american leaders).(The Beginning, paragraph
6) The act of 1957 granted voting privaleges to blacks, but it was denied by senate so in 1960 congress passed another bill. John F. Kennedy, 36th president of
the (U.S.), also helped negros. He gave them job oportunities and for other lucky ones, professional jobs for their great education. He also defended them from
desegregation because he believed many were very skilled and could bring the country to success with their skills.( The illusion of equality, paragraph 1) There was
also the ratification of the 24th ammendment to the Constitution in 1964 which outlawed the requirement of the poll tax. The Civil Rights act of 1964 was the most
far-meaning and comprehensive law in suport of racial equalitu ever enacted by congress. All this shows that the U.S. actually cared enough to take care of the
problem of the Black Revolution. With all the acts passed it shows that the U.S. didn't give up on their citizens. They could have ignored the problem to worry about
things more important such as better equipment for war, but they didn't. For all these and many other helpful things the U.S. did i decided the U.s. has the right to
call itself a world leader during the Civil War.

From: Dyana Yaritza <yaritz...@yahoo.com>
To: hsa_...@googlegroups.com
Sent: Thursday, June 7, 2012 6:42 PM
Subject: Re: APUSH Summer Assignment #1 (Why the Arpanet was Built)

I do not agree with the statement, "War is The Mother of All Inventions." This is not completely true because war just let to the development or advances
of technology that had already existed, but due to the desparate need to defeat one another there was new and better inventions created yet not
completely from scratch.They were more like innovations than inventions. (paragraph IV) Computers had already existed during that time, but as the US saw more advances in USSR technology they wanted
to be better and the ideas came together to make the computer something more helpful and more advance.(paragraph XI) The ARPA environment provided ideal ground for
making fundamental "advances" (innovations from inventions) in command and control. & (paragraph XV) Lick called it "research" efforts in cooperative
programming and operation to lead them to solve the problems in technology that military needs. (Paragraph XVI) The RAND Co. had its so called "Think Tank"
meaning meaning creative center of ideas ( not inventions). They were just continuing technology efforts to facilitate man-machine interaction. I believe that
thanks to the actual "arms race" and  "space race" between the USSR & US we can enjoy the advances of technology today. The Cold War seems to me as
a war over knowledge and not exaclypower over space or weapons. They fought over who could develope much more useful technological material that could
prove to be better than any other invention the oponent had to defeat one another. (Paragraph VIII) DARPA decided over the years that technological surprise
would never be repeated. What prevented technological surprise means in practice, the Agency does the surprising, not the other way around meaning that they invented to a point where they actually thought everything
was the best they could do & there was nothing better so there could be no surprising attacks with anything they would have no control over.
If you think of it, invention is actually the mother of war because of the competition there is to be better than the other. In war there
really isn't a need for inventions. Although war did increase inventions, it was more like the development in advances to inventions that had already existed and
proved to be helpful during wartime. This is my reason for not agreeing with the statement, "War is The Mother of All Inventions."