சினாலி, தைமாபாத், BMAC ரேக்ளா பந்தயக் காளை வண்டிகள்
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N. Ganesan
Apr 22, 2025, 9:11:31 AMApr 22
to Santhavasantham, Sirpi Balasubramaniam, Dr.Krishnaswamy Nachimuthu
கோவை மாவட்டத்து எங்கள் ஊர்களில் ரேக்ளா ரேஸ் பிரபலம். தமிழ் சினிமாக்களில் காட்டியுள்ளனர்.
ஆர்க்கியாலஜி, பல பந்தய வண்டிகளை 3500-4000 ஆண்டு முன்னர் இருந்தவற்றைக் காட்டுகிறது. சிந்து-வானி ஆறுகளின் நாகரிக ஊர்களை அகழ்ந்து ஆராயும் தொல்லியருக்கு எழுதிய குறிப்பு.
நா. கணேசன்
Sinauli zebu carts
------------------
Here is a brief note on the Sinauli bull carts.
(1) Recently, the wood from the Sinauli cart has been carbon-dated. It is from ~1500 BCE, not ~1900 BCE.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/royal-burials-and-chariots-from-sinauli-uttar-pradesh-india-radiocarbon-dating-and-isotopic-analysis-based-inferences/A33F911D8E6730AE557E1947A66A583C
There is a parallel to this in Indus archaeology, Mehrgarh is late by ~2000 years: New radiocarbon dates of human tooth enamel reveal a late appearance of farming life in the indus Valley
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-92621-5
Wheel was invented for push-carts to carry metal ore in European mines, and the development of animal drawn carts using wheels is a major innovation. While in other Bronze age cultures (Sumeria, Egypt), the wheeled vehicles were prestige items, and used by royalty, the Harappans are the people who made the bullock carts very useful vehicles for Agriculture. No other civilization has so many designs for use in Agriculture.
(2) Asko Parpola's paper on Sinauli bull cart, https://journal.fi/store/article/view/98032 . Due to the radiocarbon dating, it is more like ~1500 BCE. Also, the BMAC two-wheeled cart shown on the silver cup is more related to the Daimabad bull chaiot. Obviously, BMAC two-wheeled cart, Daimabad cart are in a way related to Sinauli cart. But the more direct connection to the Sinauli bull cart in burial pit of the elites is to the Sindhi cart, made for two men. J. Mark Kenoyer's 2004 paper has a nice drawing of the Sindhi cart:
https://x.com/naa_ganesan/status/1914627253096325282
For photos,
https://www.instagram.com/p/CteoTg3tX0o/
https://www.flickr.com/photos/iqbalkhatri/40074899525/in/photostream/
Kenoyer, J. M. 2004 Die Karren der Induskultur Pakistans und Indiens (Wheeled Vehicles of the Indus Valley Civilization of Pakistan and India). In Rad und Wagen: Der Ursprung einer Innovation Wagen im Vorderen Orient und Europa (Wheel and Wagon - origins of an innovation), edited by M. Fansa and S. Burmeister, pp. 87-106. Mainz am Rhein, Verlagg Philipp von Zabern.
https://x.com/naa_ganesan/status/1913480847388180716 Coming to think about it, the Harappan carts seen in Sindh, Pakstan even today may have been the model for BMAC carts. Two important words from Indus civilization can be given as travelling west. Note that "pulA/pulAl/pulavu" meaning "meat" is the Dravidian/Tamil word that is the source of "pulav", "pilaf" etc., Another word is the word for bricks, iTTikai (< iTu- verb, "to place") in Sangam texts went Westward from IVC. National Museum has a drawing of the "chariots" with horses. However, a close model of the bull-carts are seen in Pakistan even today. These are bull-carts, used in elite burial pits of Sinauli, and has parallel with the Daimabad bull-chariot with an ithyphallic driver. I think the Daimabad bronze, with solid wheels, may be one or two centuries later than ~3500 BP of Sinauli and now, Tilwara "chariots".
There are no racing carts pulled by bulls in Tilwara site, though the material culture is close to the Sinauli finds. An evolution of the Sinauli racing carts drawn by zebu bulls can be seen near Mohenja Daro even now.
When I asked, Disha Ahluwalia, archaeologist, replied:
"No chariots at Tilwara. The images that are being circulated is possibly something else. But not a chariot. However, it's located very close to Sinaluli. We have even explored the site during the excavation and the material culture is similar to Sinaluli." https://x.com/ahluwaliadisha/status/1914515855750135845
N. Ganesan
------------------
Here is a brief note on the Sinauli bull carts.
(1) Recently, the wood from the Sinauli cart has been carbon-dated. It is from ~1500 BCE, not ~1900 BCE.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/royal-burials-and-chariots-from-sinauli-uttar-pradesh-india-radiocarbon-dating-and-isotopic-analysis-based-inferences/A33F911D8E6730AE557E1947A66A583C
There is a parallel to this in Indus archaeology, Mehrgarh is late by ~2000 years: New radiocarbon dates of human tooth enamel reveal a late appearance of farming life in the indus Valley
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-92621-5
Wheel was invented for push-carts to carry metal ore in European mines, and the development of animal drawn carts using wheels is a major innovation. While in other Bronze age cultures (Sumeria, Egypt), the wheeled vehicles were prestige items, and used by royalty, the Harappans are the people who made the bullock carts very useful vehicles for Agriculture. No other civilization has so many designs for use in Agriculture.
(2) Asko Parpola's paper on Sinauli bull cart, https://journal.fi/store/article/view/98032 . Due to the radiocarbon dating, it is more like ~1500 BCE. Also, the BMAC two-wheeled cart shown on the silver cup is more related to the Daimabad bull chaiot. Obviously, BMAC two-wheeled cart, Daimabad cart are in a way related to Sinauli cart. But the more direct connection to the Sinauli bull cart in burial pit of the elites is to the Sindhi cart, made for two men. J. Mark Kenoyer's 2004 paper has a nice drawing of the Sindhi cart:
https://x.com/naa_ganesan/status/1914627253096325282
For photos,
https://www.instagram.com/p/CteoTg3tX0o/
https://www.flickr.com/photos/iqbalkhatri/40074899525/in/photostream/
Kenoyer, J. M. 2004 Die Karren der Induskultur Pakistans und Indiens (Wheeled Vehicles of the Indus Valley Civilization of Pakistan and India). In Rad und Wagen: Der Ursprung einer Innovation Wagen im Vorderen Orient und Europa (Wheel and Wagon - origins of an innovation), edited by M. Fansa and S. Burmeister, pp. 87-106. Mainz am Rhein, Verlagg Philipp von Zabern.
https://x.com/naa_ganesan/status/1913480847388180716 Coming to think about it, the Harappan carts seen in Sindh, Pakstan even today may have been the model for BMAC carts. Two important words from Indus civilization can be given as travelling west. Note that "pulA/pulAl/pulavu" meaning "meat" is the Dravidian/Tamil word that is the source of "pulav", "pilaf" etc., Another word is the word for bricks, iTTikai (< iTu- verb, "to place") in Sangam texts went Westward from IVC. National Museum has a drawing of the "chariots" with horses. However, a close model of the bull-carts are seen in Pakistan even today. These are bull-carts, used in elite burial pits of Sinauli, and has parallel with the Daimabad bull-chariot with an ithyphallic driver. I think the Daimabad bronze, with solid wheels, may be one or two centuries later than ~3500 BP of Sinauli and now, Tilwara "chariots".
There are no racing carts pulled by bulls in Tilwara site, though the material culture is close to the Sinauli finds. An evolution of the Sinauli racing carts drawn by zebu bulls can be seen near Mohenja Daro even now.
When I asked, Disha Ahluwalia, archaeologist, replied:
"No chariots at Tilwara. The images that are being circulated is possibly something else. But not a chariot. However, it's located very close to Sinaluli. We have even explored the site during the excavation and the material culture is similar to Sinaluli." https://x.com/ahluwaliadisha/status/1914515855750135845
N. Ganesan
National Museum, Delhi shows Sinauli cart with horses!
N. Ganesan
Apr 22, 2025, 9:54:12 AMApr 22
to Santhavasantham, Sirpi Balasubramaniam, Dr.Krishnaswamy Nachimuthu
With some pictures for comparison,
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