Physics Solution Manual Chapter 6

[Flaviano Bada]

Studentswho follow Selina Solutions Concise Physics Class 10 understand each and every concept thoroughly as the answers are prepared in an interactive manner, based on the current ICSE guidelines. While practising these solutions, students understand the logic in solving the questions without any difficulties.

Chapter 1 of Selina Solutions Concise Physics Class 10 deals with the study of Force. Force applied on a body is defined as the rate of change in its linear momentum. A rigid body when acted upon by a force, can have two kinds of motion i.e., linear or translational motion and rotational motion. The turning effect on the body about an axis is due to the moment of force (or torque) applied on the body. The moment of force is equal to the product of the magnitude of the force and the perpendicular distance of the line of action of force from the axis of rotation. A few concepts discussed in this chapter are translational and rotational motions, moment (turning effect) of a force or torque, couple, equilibrium of bodies, the principle of moments, centre of gravity, uniform circular motion, centripetal and centrifugal force.

Selina Solutions Concise Physics Class 10 Chapter 2 is based on the concept of Work, energy and power. Work is said to be done only when the force applied on a body makes the body move (i.e., there is a displacement of the body). Some of the topics covered in this chapter are work, measurement of work, work done by the force of gravity W = mgh, units of work, power (P = W/t), units of power, energy (energy as work done), units of energy, mechanical energy and its different forms, potential energy (U), gravitational potential energy at a height (U = mgh), kinetic energy, conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy, different forms of energy, conversion of one form of energy into the other form, principle of conservation of energy, theoretical verification of K + U = constant for a freely falling body, application of the principle of conservation of energy to a simple pendulum.

Chapter 3 of Class 10 Selina Solutions Concise Physics textbook deals with the study of machines. A machine is a device by which we can either overcome a large resistive force at some point by applying a small force at a convenient point and in a desired direction. A load is a resistive or opposing force to be overcome by a machine, whereas effort is the force applied on the machine to overcome the load. The ratio of the velocity of effort to the velocity of the load is called the velocity ratio of the machine. A few points talked about in this chapter are machines, technical terms related to a machine, principle of a machine, the relationship between efficiency, mechanical advantage and velocity ratio, levers, kinds of levers, examples of each class of levers as found in the human body, pulley, single fixed pulley, single movable pulley, a combination of pulleys

The chapter discusses the refraction of light at plane surfaces. Refraction is the change in direction of the path of light when it passes from one transparent medium to another transparent medium. Concepts mentioned in this chapter are refraction of light, laws of refraction, speed of light in different media, the relationship between refractive index and speed of light, the principle of reversibility of the path of light, experimental verification of laws of refraction and determination of the refractive index of glass. Some of the other concepts discussed here are refraction of light through a rectangular glass block, multiple images in a thick plane glass plate or thick mirror, prism, refraction of light through a glass prism, real and apparent depth, apparent bending of a stick underwater, some consequences of the refraction of light.

Chapter 5 of Selina Solutions Concise ICSE Physics Class 10 gives information pertaining to the refraction through a lens. A lens is a transparent refracting medium bounded by either two spherical surfaces or one surface spherical and another surface plane. Points included in this chapter are lens, refraction of light through the equi-convex lens and equi-concave lens, principal (or construction) rays for ray diagrams, construction of ray diagram for a lens, characteristics and location of images for a convex lens and concave lens. A few other points mentioned here are the difference between the image formed by a convex and a concave lens, sign convention of measurement of distances, lens formula, linear magnification, power of a lens, magnifying glass or simple microscope, application of lenses, experimental determination of the focal length of a convex lens, to differentiate between a convex and a concave lens.

In Chapter 6 of Selina Solutions Concise Physics Class 10, we learn about Spectrum. On passing white light through a prism, the band of colours seen on a screen is called the Spectrum. Dispersion is the phenomenon of splitting of white light by a prism into its constituent colours. It occurs only at the first surface of the prism. Some of the concepts talked about in this chapter are deviation produced by a triangular prism, colours in white light with their wavelength and frequency range, dispersion of white light through a prism and formation of a spectrum, electromagnetic spectrum, properties and uses of different radiations of electromagnetic spectrum, distinction between the ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiations, scattering of light, some applications of scattering.

Chapter 7 of Selina Solutions Concise Physics Class 10 deals with the study of Sound. Sound is produced when a body vibrates and it reaches us through the vibrations of the particles of the surrounding medium. An echo is the sound heard after reflection from a distant obstacle after the original sound has ceased. Using the ultrasonic waves, echoes find their application in sound ranging. The ultrasonic waves are more energetic than the audible sound. A few topics covered in this chapter are sound waves, reflection of sound waves, echo, determination of the speed of sound by the method of echo, use of echoes, natural vibrations, damped vibrations, forced vibrations, resonance (a special case of forced vibrations), some examples of resonance, characteristics of sound, music and noise.

Chapter 9 of Selina Solutions Concise Physics Class 10 textbook is based on the concept Household Circuits where we study about the main circuit, switches, fuses, earthing, safety precautions, three-pin plugs, colour coding of wires. The electric power is generated at 11 kV at the generating station because generation at a voltage higher than 11 kV causes insulation difficulties, while generation at a voltage lower than 11 kV involves a very high current. A cable is used to supply the electric power to a house from the city sub-station. The cable has three wires, live wire, a neutral wire and earth wire. Important topics explained in this chapter are the transmission of power from the generating station to the consumer, power distribution to a house, house wiring, fuse, switches, circuits with dual control switches (staircase wiring), earthing, three-pin plug and socket, high tension wires, safety precautions while using electricity.

Chapter 11 of Selina Solutions Concise Physics Class 10 provides information pertaining to the properties of heat and its measurement using a Calorimeter. Concepts covered in this chapter are concept of heat, concept of temperature, factors affecting the quantity of heat absorbed to increase the temperature of a body, difference between heat and temperature, thermal (or heat) capacity, specific heat capacity, distinction between the heat capacity and specific heat capacity, specific heat capacity of some common substances, calorimeter, principle of method of mixtures (or principle of calorimetry), natural phenomena and consequences of high specific heat capacity of water, some examples of high and low heat capacity, change of phase (state), melting and freezing, heating curve of ice during melting, change in volume on melting, effect of pressure on the melting point, effect of impurities on the melting point, vaporisation or boiling, heating curve for water, change in volume on boiling, effect of pressure on the boiling point, effect of impurities on the boiling point, latent heat and specific latent heat, specific latent heat of fusion of ice, explanation of latent heat of melting on the basis of kinetic model, natural consequences of high specific latent heat of fusion of ice.

The number of broadly based physics texts written at a level corresponding to second year and above of UK physics degrees is limited. This is such a book thoroughly updated in a third edition, the first edition having been published 20 years ago. The book is unusual in that the reader is referred to the Freeman website www.whfreeman.com/physics for some additional sections. It will be interesting to see whether this proves to be an attractive feature. The coverage reflects the US emphasis on topics and contains both theoretical and experimental details. It should not be regarded as an introductory text although it is clearly written. Thus the first two chapters take the reader straight into relativity, concentrating mainly on special relativity but going on to general relativity. From here the reader is led to ideas of quantization of charge, light and energy, followed by an exploration of the nuclear atom, wavelike properties of particles and Schrdinger's equation. Solution of this equation for the hydrogen atom introduces a section on spectroscopy. The next chapter on statistical physics includes Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein statistics and brings to a close Part 1, which concentrates on the theoretical groundwork. Consistent with its title, the book does not cover traditional aspects of thermodynamics and electromagnetic theory. Part 2 is entitled `Applications' and begins with a chapter on molecular structure and spectra. Lasers and masers are included here but geometrical, physical and nonlinear optics get limited or no coverage. Solid state physics follows but, despite the title of the book, there is little on modern devices, although the section on superconductivity mentions high temperature materials. The chapters on nuclear physics, fission, fusion reactors and medical applications and a chapter on particle physics are comprehensive. Finally a chapter on astrophysics and cosmology is referred to, but the reader must find this at the website. As this is an attractive chapter it is a pity that it is not printed within the book. Although viewing the chapter on the Web gives the benefit of full colour, it is not easy to read the textual information off the screen. Within the printed material, there are good diagrams with the addition of a single colour, burgundy, a colour that is wasted on those of us who are red-green colour-blind! Each chapter is provided with an impressive number of graded problems (it is not easy to provide such a comprehensive range of problems at this level) and numerical answers are given in the back for every third problem. There is a student solution manual available for these problems and a complete instructor's solution manual has also been produced. It is therefore a useful book for both students and lecturers.

3a8082e126