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Ela Hartley
Gregg shorthand is a form of shorthand that was invented by John Robert Gregg in 1888. Like cursive longhand, it is completely based on elliptical figures and lines that bisect them.[1] Gregg shorthand is the most popular form of pen stenography in the United States; its Spanish adaptation is fairly popular in Latin America.[citation needed] With the invention of dictation machines, shorthand machines, handheld tape recorders, digital voice recorders, voice recording apps on smartphones, and the practice of executives writing their own letters on their personal computers, the use of shorthand has gradually declined in the business and reporting world. However, Gregg shorthand is still in use today.
Gregg is often contrasted to Pitman shorthand, as the two share significant predominance over other English shorthand systems.[11] Pitman uses line thickness and position to discriminate between two similar sounds,[12] but Gregg shorthand uses the same thickness throughout and discriminates between similar sounds by the length of the stroke.[13] John Robert Gregg was originally a teacher of a Duployan shorthand adaptation to English (Duployan shorthand was the dominant system in France, and also featured uniform thickness and attached vowels).[14] However, he found the angular outlines of Duployan-based systems to be detrimental to speed.[15] Gregg shorthand features cursive strokes which can be naturally blended without obtuse angles.[15] In addition, because the symbols of Gregg shorthand are developed specially for English rather than adapted from a French system, they are a better fit for the language (for example, Gregg has a symbol for th (/θ/ and /ð/) whereas the Duployan systems would use a dotted t, which takes longer to write).[16]
Gregg shorthand is a system of phonography, or a phonemic writing system, which means it records the sounds of the speaker, not the English spelling.[13] It uses the f stroke for the /f/ sound in funnel, telephone, and laugh.[17] All silent letters are omitted.[13] The image on the right shows the strokes of Gregg Shorthand Simplified. The system is written from left to right and the letters are joined. Sh (= /ʃ/) (and zh = /ʒ/), Ch (= /tʃ/), and J (or Dzh, = /dʒ/) are written downward,[17] while t and d are written upward.[13] X /ks/ is expressed by putting a slight backward slant on the s symbol, though a word beginning ex is just written as if spelt es (and, according to Pre-Anniversary, ox is written as if os).[18] W when in the middle of a word, is notated with a short dash under the next vowel.[19] Therefore, the digraph qu (= /kw/) is usually written as k with a dash underneath the next vowel.[19] In the Anniversary edition and before, if z need be distinguished from s, a small tick drawn at a right angle from the s may be written to make this distinction.[20]
Phrasing is another mechanism for increasing the speed of shorthand writing. Based on the notion that lifting the pen between words would have a heavy speed cost, phrasing is the combination of several smaller distinct forms into one outline.[24] For example, "it may be that the" can be written in one outline, "(tm)ab(th)a(th)".[25] "I have not been able" would be written, "avnba" (note that to the eye of the reader this phrase written in shorthand looks like "I-have-not-been-able", and so phrasing is far more legible than a longhand explanation of the principle may lead one to believe).
Due to the simple alphabet, Gregg shorthand is very fast in writing; however, it takes a great deal of practice to master it. Speeds of 280 WPM (where a word is 1.4 syllables) have been reached with this system before, and those notes are still legible to others who know the system.[33]
Throughout its history, different forms of Gregg shorthand have been published. All the versions use the same alphabet and basic principles, but they differ in degrees of abbreviation and, as a result, speed. The 1916 version is generally the fastest and most abbreviated version. Series 90 Gregg has the smallest degree of abbreviation, but it is also generally the slowest standard version of Gregg. Though each version differs in its level of abbreviation, most versions have expert and reporting versions for writers who desire more shortcuts.
Gregg Shorthand was first published in England 1888 by John Robert Gregg under the title Light Line Phonography; however, it was in a very primal stage. Due to its rough-and-ready character and the fact that Pitman shorthand was well established there, it did not gain much success. Five years later, in 1893, a second edition of the manual with an improved version of the system was published in the USA, then in a third edition titled Gregg Shorthand in 1897. The fourth edition, published in 1902, developed more shortcuts. The fifth edition, published in 1916, is the version most commonly referred to as "Pre-Anniversary" Gregg shorthand; this version has the largest number of brief forms, phrases, and shortcuts.
In 1929 another version of Gregg shorthand was published. This system reduced the memory load on its learners by decreasing the number of brief forms and removing uncommon prefixes. It was intended to have been published in 1928 on the 40th anniversary of the system, but it was published a year afterward due to a delay in its production.
Published in 1988, this is the most recent series of Gregg shorthand. It was the only version since the Pre-Anniversary edition of 1916 to increase the complexity of the system from the previous one, having 132 brief forms.
The above versions of Gregg shorthand were marketed for professional use, such as business and court reporting. Gregg Shorthand Junior Manual, designed for junior high school students, was published in 1927 and 1929. Greghand, A Simple Phonetic Writing for Everyday Use by Everyone was published as a pamphlet in 1935. The 1960 and 1968 editions of Gregg Notehand focused on how to take effective classroom and personal notes using a simple form of Gregg shorthand.
Gregg shorthand has been adapted to several languages, including Afrikaans, Esperanto,[36] French,[37] German,[38] Hebrew[citation needed], Irish, Italian, Japanese, Polish,[39] Portuguese,[40] Russian, Spanish,[41] Catalan, Thai, and Tagalog. With a few customizations, it can be adapted to nearly any language. The Spanish version, designed by Eduardo Vega, is the most popular adaptation.
As a high school student in the mid-sixties, I came from a family where, quite frankly, the boys were expected to pursue a college degree, but it was assumed the girls would graduate high school and get a secretarial job and marry. This was not the culture of all families at the time, and I had many girlfriends who went on to college, but it was the culture in my family.
Luckily, I was drawn to the secretarial classes and was very good at them (which bode well for my career as a secretary) and during this time I absolutely fell in love with Gregg shorthand. It gave me the ability to fly across the page with my pencil making fluid, indecipherable marks to anyone but me, which was just plain fun. It was a secret language only I could read (similar to my love for the steno machine many years later).
Eventually I found my way to reporting school and never looked back, but I have found my Gregg shorthand invaluable in many ways since my early days as a secretary. In the early 1990s, I was asked to take the minutes of the vestry at a small church I was attending. I found a used Gregg shorthand textbook through Alibris and brushed up on my shorthand. It made my job infinitely easier; I could take the notes faster than trying to write in longhand.
FYI: Shorthand will totally mess with one's spelling skills, as the words are written as they sound. I had two years of shorthand in high school (plus two years of typing, which I don't think is actually taught any longer; it's not the same as keyboarding), and I lost my spelling skills for awhile.
Pal was a troubled-speller all through elementary school and into middle school. He's gotten to a solid level of spelling now but I'm teaching him shorthand anyway. For him, the ability to quickly write down notes is worth the extra hassle.
FYI: Shorthand will totally mess with one's spelling skills, as the words are written as they sound. I had two years of shorthand in high school (plus two years of typing, which I don't think is actually taught any longer; it's not the same as keyboarding), and I lost my spelling skills for awhile.
My mom was griping one year about how it would be useful to keep her Christmas shopping list in the kitchen, but she didn't want me and my brother and sister to be able to read what she was buying. Stupid me suggested that she write it in shorthand (which only she could read). So she made a list (writing our names out!) and kept it on the fridge where it tormented us for weeks. :)
She excelled at shorthand in high school. She loved it and used it often while I was growing up. My MIL also took shorthand in high school and still had her Gregg's shorthand textbooks. When MIL passed away, I asked FIL if I could have the shorthand books to give to my mom. FIL was glad to be rid of them, and my mom was thrilled to get them.
I've never considered shorthand. I personally think that many handicrafts are way under valued. I think that some areas of Europe still intentionally teach handwork. Even if the child never takes off with knitting or woodwork at least they learn how to control their hands. I've tried to teach a few adults to knit but they just couldn't get their hands to obey. I suspect the lack of cursive practice is only going to exacerbate this problem.
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