"ढ" और "ढ़" का प्रयोग

[Suyash Suprabh]

मैं "ढ" और "ढ़" के प्रयोग से संबंधित नियम जानना चाहता हूँ। कई शब्दों
में इनका गलत प्रयोग होता है। "पढ़ाई" को "पढाई" लिखना गलत है। प्रयोग के
आधार पर हम वर्तनी की इन अशुद्धियों की पहचान कर लेते हैं, लेकिन इनके
पीछे छिपे नियम की जानकारी बहुत कम लोगों को होती है।

सुयश

[Vinay]

On Jul 21, 8:51 am, Suyash Suprabh <translatedbysuy...@gmail.com>
wrote:

सुयश,

सीधा सा नियम ये है कि "जो बोलो वो लिखो". ये नियम हिन्दी/नागरी के लिए
सार्वभौमिक है. 'पढ़ाई' सही है क्योंकि हम 'पढ़ाई' बोलते हैं 'पढाई'
नहीं.

[Suyash Suprabh]

विनय जी,

क्या आप इन दोनों वर्णों के उच्चारण में अंतर को स्पष्ट कर सकते हैं?

सुयश

[Bob Eaton]

The problem you may be having in distinguishing these two is based on
the fact that the 'dot' underneath ड़ and ढ़ is subtly different from
the 'dot' used with other letters.

The dot used with other letters, such as फ़, ज़, ग़, ख़ is used to
represent sounds that are slightly different from the sound of the
dotless counterpart (e.g. फ़ == /f/, but फ == /pʰ/). But these sounds
are not native to Hindi. Specifically, they are for sounds that come
from Urdu influence on Hindi (e.g. मेज़, ख़रीद, फ़र्श, आदि) and people
regularly ignore using the dot in these cases.

But with ड़ and ढ़, the dot—in addition to representing a sound that
is different from the dotless counterpart (as above)—represents a
sound that *is* native to Hindi. These dots cannot be “regularly
ignored” without causing confusion.

So:
ड is equivalent to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) sound: /
ɖ/ (Unicode: latin_small_letter_d_with_tail == U+0256), and ड़ is
equivalent to the IPA sound: /ɽ/ (Unicode:
latin_small_letter_r_with_tail == U+027D), and yes, the pronunciation
of these two is different. Similarly with ढ == /ɖʰ/, while ढ़ == /ɽʰ/.
If you do a web search for “IPA Help”, you might be able to find a
sound file that plays these different sounds.

In fact, I believe that to some extent the dotted and dotless versions
are “allophones” of one another. This means that they are really the
same “phoneme” inside a native speakers mind, but have different
pronunciations in different environments.

So, for example, the dotted versions can only occur after a vowel
(e.g. बाड़ (=bɑɽ)), and the dotless version can only occur either word-
initial (e.g. डालना (=ɖɑlnɑ)) or immediately after another consonant
usually at the same place of articulation (e.g. ठंड (=ʈʰəɳɖ) and हड्डी
(=həɖɖi))—places where the dotted version cannot occur.

[aside: by the way, don’t be confused by the orthography. In a word
like बड़ा (=bəɽɑ), though it *looks like* the ड़ is coming after a
consonant, there’s really a vowel between the ब and the ड़, so in that
case, it really is coming after a vowel].

From a purely linguistic point of view, this means that you don’t
technically need two different symbols (or one symbol and a diacritic)
to represent these two different sounds (any more than in American
English you need a different letter for the /pʰ/ sound in ‘pin’ vs.
the /p/ sound in ‘spin’). The theory goes that because native speakers
should never confuse the two sounds (since they never occur in the
same environment at the same time), therefore, you don’t need two
different letters for them. Nevertheless, normal Devanagari usage is
to treat different sounds with different letters anyway.

Bob

[narayan prasad]

<< The theory goes that because native speakers should never confuse the two sounds (since they never occur in the same environment at the same time), therefore, you don't need two different letters for them. >>

 

   Although in Marathi we don't find two different letters, we do distinguish the two in Hindi and IMHO, it is worthwhile doing so, because there may be cases where confusion may arise. For example, रोड has to be pronounced as it is and not as रोड़. The native speakers always pronounce मोड़ as मोड़ only, not as मोड (unless it is the English word "mode" written in devanagari).

 

---Narayan Prasad

 

2008/7/24, Bob Eaton <pete_de...@hotmail.com>:

[Vinay]

Thanks Bob for such a wonderfully elaborate explanation. Laziness (on
my part, in this case) does have its advantages.

Vinay

[peekay]

many a times the mother tongue is not accurately known
nor learnt by the native speaker.

those who 'learn' other languages are much more systematic
as they learn the 'correct' form from authoritative sources like
grammar books, dictionaries, teachers, etc

bob's writeup is the most accurate explanation for the two
letters that i have come across in about 4 decades

i am curious whether these two have a place in the devanaagarii
script or are 'external' to devanaagarii (with some sanskrit
examples using the two letters)

in hindi, the two are used with great frequency

(just recording here that ड़ ड and ङ look very similar but each
is a totally separate stand-alone consonant with its own totally
separate sound. Also, ड़ cannot and should not be created on
a computer by assuming that ड + ़ = ड़)

..peekay