Sangre 2005

[Oreo Huppe]

MaraElena Martnez's Genealogical Fictions is the first in-depth study of the relationship between the Spanish concept of limpieza de sangre (purity of blood) and colonial Mexico's sistema de castas, a hierarchical system of social classification based primarily on ancestry. Specifically, it explains how this notion surfaced amid socio-religious tensions in early modern Spain, and was initially used against Jewish and Muslim converts to Christianity. It was then transplanted to the Americas, adapted to colonial conditions, and employed to create and reproduce identity categories according to descent. Martnez also examines how the state, church, Inquisition, and other institutions in colonial Mexico used the notion of purity of blood over time, arguing that the concept's enduring religious, genealogical, and gendered meanings and the archival practices it promoted came to shape the region's patriotic and racial ideologies.

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Todos los das, los hospitales de los Estados Unidos realizan transfusiones de sangre o componentes sanguneos, tales como plaquetas, para salvar las vidas de personas que sufren accidentes automovilsticos, as como de vctimas de incendios y otras emergencias.

La sangre tambin es necesaria para muchas personas con enfermedades potencialmente mortales y otras que se someten a cirugas de rutina. Segn los Centros para el Control y la Prevencin de Enfermedades, los centros de sangre y los hospitales en los Estados Unidos recolectan y realizan transfusiones de millones de unidades de sangre cada ao.

La Administracin de Alimentos y Medicamentos de los Estados Unidos (FDA, por sus siglas en ingls), a travs del Centro de Evaluacin e Investigacin de Productos Biolgicos (CBER, por sus siglas en ingls), es responsable de garantizar la inocuidad de los ms de aproximadamente 11 millones de unidades de sangre completa que se donan cada ao en los Estados Unidos. Estas donaciones pueden procesarse posteriormente para convertirlas en componentes sanguneos, como glbulos rojos, plaquetas y plasma.

Adems, anualmente se recogen por afresis alrededor de 4 millones de unidades de plaquetas y plasma destinadas a las transfusiones. Cada ao, se realizan ms de 40 millones de recolecciones de plasma fuente destinadas a su posterior uso en la fabricacin de productos que salvan vidas, tales como inmunoglobulinas y albmina.

Los esfuerzos que la FDA realiza para garantizar la inocuidad de la sangre se centran en minimizar el riesgo de transmitir enfermedades infecciosas y al mismo tiempo mantener un suministro adecuado de sangre para la nacin.

1. La evaluacin del donante. Los posibles donantes reciben contenidos educativos y se les pide que se autoexcluyan si presentan factores de riesgo que pudieran afectar la inocuidad de la sangre. Luego a los donantes se les hacen preguntas especficas sobre su historial mdico y los factores de riesgo que pudieran afectar la inocuidad de su donacin. Con esta seleccin se descarta a los donadores que no satisfacen los requisitos.

2. Las listas de exclusin de donantes. Los establecimientos de transfusin sangunea tendrn que mantener actualizada una lista de los donantes excluidos. Adems, tienen que comparar a todos los donantes que se presenten con esa lista para evitar la extraccin de sangre de donantes excluidos.

3. Los anlisis de la sangre donada. Despus de la donacin, los establecimientos de transfusin sangunea deben analizar cada unidad de sangre donada en busca de infecciones relevantes que se transmiten a travs de las transfusiones o, para ciertas infecciones, implementar tecnologa de reduccin de patgenos, cuando corresponda. Estas infecciones relevantes que se transmiten a travs de las transfusiones incluyen:

4. La cuarentena. La sangre donada tiene que ponerse en cuarentena hasta que se analice y se demuestre que no tiene ningn tipo de infecciones relevantes que se transmiten a travs de las transfusiones.

5. Los problemas y las deficiencias. Los establecimientos de transfusin sangunea tienen que investigar los problemas de fabricacin, corregir todas las deficiencias y notificar a la FDA cuando los productos distribuidos presenten divergencias.

Los cientficos de la FDA trabajan en el diseo de pruebas sensibles de deteccin de donaciones para la deteccin de las enfermedades emergentes o de las cepas variantes de virus conocidos, tal como el VIH. Los laboratorios de la FDA estudian tecnologas de reduccin de patgenos para avanzar an ms en la inocuidad de los componentes sanguneos para transfusiones. La Oficina de Investigacin y Revisin de Sangre de la FDA atiende y actualiza las recomendaciones y los requisitos de participacin cuando corresponde.

La FDA tambin es miembro del Grupo de Trabajo Interorganizacional sobre Desastres Nacionales y Actos de Terrorismo de la Asociacin Estadounidense de Bancos de Sangre (AABB, por sus siglas en ingls), que incluye representantes de organizaciones, otras dependencias gubernamentales y fabricantes de dispositivos relacionados con la sangre. Como tal, colabora con otros para garantizar que las instalaciones de transfusin de sangre siempre mantengan inventarios de sangre adecuados en caso de un desastre.

The following is a guest post by Meghan Berry, who served as a summer 2021 remote intern transcribing and researching documents in the Herencia: Centuries of Spanish Legal Documents crowdsourcing campaign at the Law Library of Congress.

The brief opens with a history of the romantic involvement between Pedro Francisco Molines and Mara Aguil before arguing, in seven separate points, that the defendant has no legal obligation to marry Mara and can in fact be prevented from doing so.

Such a firm and repeated invocation of limpieza de sangre indicates that the concept was relied upon to resolve similar cases of dispute over marriageability. Additionally, the citation of church scholars on this issue gives us insight into the context of the 17th century Spanish legal system, where both civil and canon laws were applied as needed. State authority was mixed with that of the Catholic Church to legally enforce religious discrimination, especially through the acts of the Inquisition.

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The Sangre de Cristo Mountains (Spanish for "Blood of Christ") are the southernmost subrange of the Rocky Mountains. They are located in southern Colorado and northern New Mexico in the United States. The mountains run from Poncha Pass in South-Central Colorado, trending southeast and south, ending at Glorieta Pass, southeast of Santa Fe, New Mexico.The mountains contain a number of fourteen thousand foot peaks in the Colorado portion, as well as several peaks in New Mexico which are over thirteen thousand feet.

The name of the mountains may refer to the occasional reddish hues observed during sunrise and sunset, and when alpenglow occurs, especially when the mountains are covered with snow. Although the particular origin of the name is unclear, it has been in use since the early 19th century. Before that time the terms "La Sierra Nevada", "La Sierra Madre", "La Sierra", and "The Snowies" (used by English speakers) were used.[1] According to legend, "sangre de Cristo" were the last words of a priest who was killed by Native Americans.[2]

Much of the mountains are within various National Forests: the Rio Grande and San Isabel in Colorado, and the Carson and Santa Fe in New Mexico. These publicly accessible areas are managed by the United States Forest Service and are popular for hunting, camping, hiking, mountain biking, backpacking, climbing, and cross-country and downhill skiing.

The mountains include two large wilderness areas, the Sangre de Cristo Wilderness in Colorado and the Pecos Wilderness in New Mexico, as well as some smaller wilderness areas, such as Latir Peak Wilderness. The Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve lies on the southwest side of the mountains in Colorado and are managed by the National Park Service.

The Sangre de Cristo Mountains are divided into various subranges, described here from north to south. Use of the terms "Sangre de Cristo Range" and "Sangre de Cristo Mountains" is inconsistent and may refer to the northernmost subrange, the southernmost subrange, or the mountains as a whole.[citation needed]

The Sangre de Cristo Range, the largest and most northerly subrange of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, runs directly along the east side of the Rio Grande rift, extending southeast from Poncha Pass for about 75 miles (120 km) through south-central Colorado to La Veta Pass, approximately 20 miles (32 km) west of Walsenburg. They form a high ridge separating the San Luis Valley on the west from the watershed of the Arkansas River on the east.

The Culebra Range runs almost due north and south, with its northern limit at La Veta Pass in Colorado, and its southern limit at Costilla Creek, just south of Big Costilla Peak in New Mexico. Its highest point is Culebra Peak at 14,047 ft (4,282 m), which is notable for being the only fourteener in Colorado on private land with an access fee. Climbers wishing to ascend Culebra must pay a fee (currently US$150 per person),[5] and the number of climbers per year is limited.[6] It is also the most southerly fourteener in the U.S. Rockies. Standing to the east of the main crest are the two prominent Spanish Peaks (West: 13,626 ft (4,153 m), East: 12,860 ft (3,920 m)). These peaks were important landmarks for 19th century travelers on the mountain branch of the Santa Fe Trail.

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