I tried to upgrade from 10.x to 11.5.8 and nothing was working anymore. If I try to open the url I recieve the following error message:Fatal error: Declaration of TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Mvc\Controller\AbstractController::processRequest(TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Mvc\RequestInterface $request, TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Mvc\ResponseInterface $response) must be compatible with TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Mvc\Controller\ControllerInterface::processRequest(TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Mvc\RequestInterface $request): Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface in C:\inetpub\wwwroot\typo3\sysext\extbase\Classes\Mvc\Controller\AbstractController.php on line 243
The mentioned file "AbstractController.php" exists only in version 10 and was removed afterwards.
So TYPO3 is using some old files, probably from the file-cache.
You wrote that you use an installation without composer-setup. Those installations have the file-cache saved in typo3temp/var/cache. This folder can be deleted completely and will be rebuilt automatically.Afterwards TYPO3 version 11 should run and the error-message should never be shown again.