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Saija Grzegorek
The Sundari, which used to be the dominant mangrove tree species of the Sundarbans, is scientifically known as Heritiera fomes, and with various common names including sunder, sundari, jekanazo and pinlekanazo. The Sundari tree can grow up to 60 feet in height with a girth of 6 feet. The tall hardy tree with elliptic shaped leaves and micro-nutrient rich fruit is facing many threats: over harvesting, water diversions in the Ganges Basin, fluctuations in salinity due to upstream and coastal development, and a top-dying disease.
A major timbre-producing tree, Sundari also has applications in traditional folk medicine as evidenced by its extensive use for treating diabetes, hepatic disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, goiter, and skin diseases by the local people and traditional health practitioners. A number of investigations indicated that the Sundari tree possesses significant antioxidant, antinociceptive, antihyperglycemic, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities.
A study by the Indian Institutes of Technology points out that unlike other mangrove species Sundari prefers extremely low saline condition and hence can act as biological indicator of climate change related to sea level rise. The tree can flourish luxuriantly under low salinity conditions. Physiological studies have revealed that mangroves are not salt lovers, rather salt-tolerant. Excessive saline conditions can retard seed germination, impede growth and development of mangroves. When the salinity increases, the species becomes stunted, rare and ultimately disappears. The research shows the adverse impact of salinity on leaf chlorophyll, an indispensable raw material for running the photosynthesis process. Various studies have shown that a number of mangrove species grow best at salinities between 4 and 15 psu (Practical Salinity Unit). For Sundari, the preferred salinity range is lower. At increased salinity, like 20 psu, the seedlings could hardly adapt.
Sundari is also known for its flexibility and longevity, one of the main reasons people prefer Sundari as timber over the other mangrove wood. For this reason, Sundari is in trouble in Bangladesh also.
Experts are of the opinion that the loss of human lives and livelihood could have been even more severe if not for the Sundarbans. This unique coastal ecosystem shock absorbs the initial impact of the storm and is said to reduce wind speed by 20-25 kms per hour before it makes inroads towards human settlements along the forest fringes. Mangroves are natural ecological barriers, resilient to extreme weather events like cyclones, protecting coastal communities from frequent storm surges and reduce long-term deterioration of the inter-tidal zone. However, the long-term effects of climate change could erase this natural protection scheme. Globally, the mangroves also account for 14 percent of coastal carbon sequestration.
According to experts the rising temperatures and increase in salinity have also brought microbial-fungal diseases and insect pests. Researcher Katie Louise Awty-Carroll and team from the Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, UK, demonstrated through analysis of remote sensing data that there is a 25 per cent negative trend in mangrove cover due to the effect of die-back of Heritiera fomes, or the Sundari. These areas are now at greater risk of decline in the future, especially if extreme events such as cyclones become more common.
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The Gorgons (/ˈɡɔːrɡənz/ GOR-gənz; Ancient Greek: Γοργώνες), in Greek mythology, are three monstrous sisters, Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, said to be the daughters of Phorcys and Ceto. They lived near their sisters the Graeae, and were able to turn anyone who looked at them to stone. Euryale and Stheno were immortal, but Medusa was not and was slain by the hero Perseus.[2]
Gorgons were dread monsters with terrifying eyes who instilled fear in any who saw them. A Gorgon head was displayed on Athena's aegis, giving it the power both to protect her from any weapon, and instill great fear in any enemy. Gorgon blood was said to have both the power to heal and harm.
Representations of full-bodied Gorgons and disembodied Gorgon faces (called gorgoneia) were popular subjects in Ancient Greek, Etruscan and Roman iconography. While Archaic Gorgons are universally depicted as hideously ugly, over time they came to be portrayed as beautiful young women.
According to Hesiod and Apollodorus, the Gorgons were daughters of the primordial sea-god Phorcys and the sea-monster Ceto, and the sisters of three other daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, the Graeae.[3] However according to Hyginus, they were daughters of "the Gorgon", an offspring of Typhon and Echidna, and Ceto,[4] while Euripides, in his tragedy Ion, has "the Gorgon" being the offspring of Gaia, spawned by Gaia to be an ally for her children the Giants in their war against the Olympian gods.[5] Medusa had two offspring by Posiedon, the winged-horse Pegasus and the warrior Chrysaor.[6]
Where the Gorgons were supposed to live varies in the ancient sources.[7] According to Hesiod, the Gorgons lived far to the west beyond Oceanus (the Titan, and world-circling river) near its springs, at the edge of night where the Hesperides (and the Graeae?) live.[8] The Cypria apparently had the Gorgons living in Oceanus on a rocky island named Sarpedon.[9] Aeschylus's Prometheus Bound places them in the far east "across the surging sea" on the "Gorgonean plains of Cisthene", where the Graeae live, while his lost play Phorkides (another name for the Graeae) apparently placed them at "Lake Tritonis", a mythological lake set somewhere in westernmost North Africa.[10] And the fifth-century BC poet Pindar has Perseus, apparently on his quest for the Gorgon head, visit the Hyperboreans (usually considered to dwell in the far north). However, whether Pindar means to imply that the Gorgons lived near the Hyperboreans is unclear.[11]
Pherecydes tells us that Medusa's face turned men to stone, and Pindar describes Medusa's severed head as "stony death".[12] In Prometheus Bound, it says that no mortal can look at them and live.[13] According to Apollodorus, all three of the Gorgons could turn to stone anyone who saw them.[14]
Stheno and Euryale were immortal, whereas Medusa was mortal.[16] According to Apollodorus' version of their story, Perseus was ordered by Polydectes (his enemy) to bring back the head of Medusa. So guided by Hermes and Athena, he sought out the sisters of the Gorgons, the Graeae who had only one eye and one tooth which they shared. Perseus managed to steal their eye and tooth, and refused to return them, unless they would show him the way to the nymphs, which they did. Perseus got from the nymphs, winged sandals, which allowed him to fly, and the cap of Hades, with made him invisible. He also received an adamantine sickle (harpē) from Hermes. Perseus then flew to Oceanus, found the Gorgons asleep. And when Perseus managed to behead Medusa by looking at her reflection in his bronze shield, Pegasus and Chrysaor sprang from Medusa's neck, and Stheno and Euryale chased after him, but were unable to see him because he was wearing Hades' cap of invisiblity. When Perseus brought back the Gorgon head, as ordered, with averted eyes he showed the head to Polydectes who was turned to stone. Perseus returned the things he had acquired from the nymphs and Hermes, but gave the Gorgon head to Athena.[17]
According to Apollodorus, after Peseus gave the Gorgon head to Athena, she "inserted the Gorgon's head in the middle of her shield",[19] apparently a reference to Athena's aegis. In the Iliad, the aegis is a device, usually associated with Athena, which was decorated with a Gorgon head.[20] Athena wore it in battle as a shield which neither Apollo's spear, or even Zeus' thunderbolt could pierce.[21] According to the Iliad, Hephaestus made the aegis for Zeus, while according to a Hesiod fragment, Metis made it for Athena, before Athena was born. However, Euripides, in his tragedy Ion, has a character say that Athena's aegis was made from the skin of the Gorgon, the offspring of Gaia, who Gaia had brought forth as an ally for her children the Giants and who Athena had killed during the Gigantomachy.[22] In vase-painting, Athena is often shown wearing her aegis, fringed with snake-heads.[23]
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