I use Docker extensively in Haskell projects, both for builds and deployments. We do this for most work at FP Complete as well, and most of our clients do too. The issue you're running into is that you're using a Haskell _build_ image (which includes GHC and other build tools) for creating a runtime image. My recommendation: based your deployment on a much more lightweight image. You can start off with Ubuntu, for example, or fpco/pid1:18.04 (which includes a more intelligent pid-1 process). Some people will argue that you should try to use something more minimal, and/or try to do static linking. I think starting off with Ubuntu is perfectly reasonable.
Some relevant blog posts: