Battle of Khaybar (Extracts from William Watt)

[Ameer]

Battle of Khaybar

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The Battle of Khaybar was fought in the year 629 between Muhammad and his followers against the Jews living in the oasis of Khaybar, located 150 kilometers (95 miles) from Medina in the north-western part of the Arabian peninsula, in modern-day Saudi Arabia. Contemporary scholars such as Norman Stillman and Laura Veccia Vaglieri believe that one reason for Muhammad's decision to attack Khaybar in order to raise his prestige among his followers, as well as to capture booty to sustain subsequent conquests. Furthermore, William Montgomery Watt notes the presence of the Banu Nadir in Khaybar, who were inciting hostilities along with neighboring Arab tribes against Muhammad.... Read Detail

Khaybar in the 7th century
In the 7th century, Khaybar was inhabited by the Jews, who pioneered the cultivation of the oasis and made their living growing date palm trees, as well as through commerce and craftsmanship, accumulating considerable wealth. Some objects found by the Muslims in a redoubt at Khaybar — a siege-engine, 20 bales of Yemenite cloth,... Read Detail

Pretext to battle
Banu Nadir
Main article: Banu Nadir
In 625, after the defeat in the Battle of Uhud at the hands of the Meccan army, Muhammad besieged and expelled the Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir from Medina. Many of the Banu Nadir found refuge in Khaybar. In 627, Huyayy ibn Akhtab, the chief of Banu Nadir, went with his son to join Quraysh and Ghatafan Bedouins besieging the Muslims at Medina during the Battle of the Trench. After the battle proved unsuccessful, Muhammad and his followers besieged the Banu Qurayza, the only major Jewish tribe remaining in Medina at that time. Both Akhtab and his son defended Banu Qurayza.... Read Detail

Reasons for attack
Modern historians agree that one reason for Muhammad's decision to attack Khaybar was the need to raise his prestige among his followers, which had been eroded by the Treaty of Hudaybiyya, in March 628. In addition, the Hudaybiyya agreement gave Muhammad the assurance of not being attacked by the Meccans during the expedition.... Read Detail

Political situation
As war with Muhammad seemed imminent, the Jews of Khaybar entered into an alliance with the Jews of Fadak oasis. They also successfully persuaded the Bedouins of Ghatafan tribe to join their side in the war in exchange for half their produce. However, the lack of central authority at Khaybar prevented any further defensive preparations,... Read Detail

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[Shaikh Hyder]

• from The Independent & The Independent on Sunday
• 10 August 2007 09

Jinnah's daughter takes up fight for house where Pakistan was created

By Andrew Buncombe in Delhi

Published: 09 August 2007

Dina Wadia was a teenage girl when her father, Muhammad Jinnah, built the sprawling mansion overlooking the ocean at Mumbai's Malabar Hill.

By the time he left India a decade later to live in Pakistan, the newly-minted country he had helped create, Mrs Wadia was all but estranged from her father.

Yet at no time did she give up on the house. Now aged 87, Mrs Wadia this week launched a fresh legal attempt to force the Indian government to return the European-style property, long neglected but heavy with the ghosts of history.

The timing of her lawsuit could hardly be more symbolic: Mrs Wadia launched the legal action after being told that the Indian government planned to convert the property into an arts centre and that its formal opening was to take place on 15 August - the 60th anniversary of the partition of the British Indian Empire and the creation of independent India and Pakistan. Coincidentally, 15 August is also Mrs Wadia's birthday.

Though the property - set on around 2.5 acres and located in Mumbai's most expensive neighbourhood - has been valued at millions of dollars, Mrs Wadia's family insist she is not driven by financial considerations.

Speaking from Mumbai last night, her son Nusli Wadia, a leading Indian industrialist, said: "It's an emotional attachment. It's [her saying] 'This was my father's house and why should the government of India be able to keep it?'."

Mr Jinnah, a leader of the Indian independence movement who served as Pakistan's first governor-general, built Jinnah House in 1936, having hired the British architect Claude Batley to carry out the design and employing Italian stonemasons to lay the marble floors. He is said to have overseen the laying of each slab and the installation of the property's walnut panelling.

In September 1944, the house was the venue for crucial talks between Jinnah and Mahatma Gandhi concerning the partition of India and the creation of two countries, one dominated by Hindus, the other by Muslims. When partition took place, with Pakistan granted independence on 14 August 1947 and India gaining its freedom the following day, Jinnah left Mumbai and asked that his property be rented to a foreign consulate.

After partition, India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, dispatched an envoy to Pakistan to ask Jinnah what he wanted done with the house. He is said to have replied: "You do not know how I love Bombay. I built that house brick by brick. Tell Jawaharlal not to break my heart." Mr Wadia, his grandson, said: "Jinnah intended to come back - as crazy as it sounds."

But when Mr Jinnah died in 1948, his will left the property to his sister, Fatima, the result of his anger at his daughter for marrying a non-Muslim. Yet Fatima had also been forced to move to Pakistan and having been declared an evacuee, her property - like that of other families - was taken over by the government.

The last tenant of the property was the deputy British high commissioner, who left in 1982, by which time the house was said to have been overrun with weeds and snakes.

Mrs Wadia, born in London in 1919 and who currently lives in New York, has petitioned successive Indian governments to have the house returned. She has also written to Pakistan's President General Pervez Musharraf and asked that Pakistan drop its own claim to the property, which it wants as a high commission. Her son said she might even return to live in India if she secured the house.

In a letter last year to the Indian Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh, Mrs Wadia wrote: "It is now over 50 years since my father's death and I have been deprived of my house... This is the house where I grew up and lived until I married. The property is lying idle for 23 years... I request you return it to me."

At Mumbai's High Court this week, the federal government's lawyer said there were no plans for an inaugural party for an arts centre. The Times of India said the court gave the government a month to respond to Mrs Wadia's lawsuit.

The founding father

Muhammad Jinnah was one of the key leaders of the struggle to achieve independence for India. Originally he thought sufficient safeguards could be built into the new Indian nation to safeguard Muslims, but as leader of the All India Muslim League, he and others began pushing for an independent nation.

In 1946 he led calls for the creation of Pakistan. Protests that were planned to be peaceful turned violent and were a key factor in the decision to proceed with partition. He wanted the new state's constitution to be secular, though guided by Islam. In one speech he said: "I am sure that it will be of a democratic type, embodying the essential principle of Islam." He had suffered from tuberculosis for many years and died in 1948 as a result of that disease and lung cancer.

 

 

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[Shaikh Hyder]

FOR  RESEARCH  AND  EDUCATIONAL  PURPOSES  ONLY

REVISED & CORRECTED BY :  L. J.,  Oz

FOR RELEASE BEFORE 20070904-0330 

   

(FINAL REVISION)

 

THE LORD GIVES US ALL A MOST DEMOCRATIC CHOICE:  THINK OR BURN !

 

U.S. TERRORISM

BY JACQUES HARDY

 

ON THIS SUBJECT,  SEE ALSO MY PREVIOUS ARTICLES:

#184: WASHINGTON TERROR,  JUNE 2006 

#138: MECHANICS OF TERROR, AUGUST 2005

#135: WAR ON TERROR, JULY 2005

#124: UNCLE SAM'S TERROR, APRIL 2005

#91: KORNI TERRORISMA, OCTOBER 2004 (IN RUSSIAN)

#90: BESLAN TERROR LOGIC, SEPTEMBER 2004

#54A: TERROR, DECEMBER 2003

    The United States started a war OF terror.  Great idea, so now people the world over are declaring themselves in favour of a great war against U.S. terror and, with logic  they say:

   

    LET'S DESTROY THE UNITED STATES BEFORE THE UNITED STATES DESTROYS THE WORLD. (Makes sense doesn't it?)

 

    But wait a minute, you need not believe me.  Who am I after all?  An old man with one foot in the grave and the other one ready to follow...  as soon as George (or Dick) gives the word. So, here below are OTHER valuable opinions from highly reliable sources.  Read on, then answer a question which people have been asking me again and again: "Since the U.S. population of 300 million fools refuses to revolt and destroy their Nazi Terrorist Government, shouldn't the entire U.S.A. be flushed down the toilet of history" (Just a question mind you as I don't know everything... because when I was in school my professor had a weak stomach and he threw up every time we tried to question him about "the U.S. way of life").  So...

 

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    HERE ARE SOME VALUABLE OPINIONS FROM HIGHLY RELIABLE SOURCES WHICH WILL HELP YOU CLASSIFY THE UNITED STATES AS A PARADISE OR A HELL (YOUR CHOICE).

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Wanda McDonald <jazzyc...@msn.com>

    ... wrote on May 1st 2007 (22:52), under the title of:

Fw: U.S forces kill Afghan civilians...  claim them to be "militants","taliban"...  Protest terrorist Posada:  May 11.

    PRETTY OBVIOUS WHO TO BELIEVE.......NOT THE U.S. GOVERNMENT, FOR SURE........THE AFGHANISTAN PEOPLE WOULDN'T COMPLAIN IF THE TALIBAN WERE KILLED.......   UNFORTUNATELY, OUR TROOPS, THE TALIBAN, AND THE DRUG WARLORDS ARE IN COLLUSISON IN AFGHANISTAN..... TRUE.........  JAZ

 

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Chuck Brucks <bru...@bellsouth.net>

wrote in  June 2007 about the USS Liberty: 

    At pp. 267-268, Hounam said, "Sinking the Liberty and blaming Egypt and the Soviets would have freed Johnson's hand to do almost anything... even to drop an atomic bomb on Cairo. Trouble only arose when the Israeli operation failed - and the damned ship stayed afloat."

  

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pepe <cfv_...@yahoo.com>

   

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