Things to consider:
Do you want something that can run the Arduino environment (or Arduino-like)?
Do you want shield compatibility?
What's your code size? data size? do you need eeprom? how much?
How many I/O's and what type? digital? PWM? analog in? analog out? how many bits in ther A/D or D/A?
Do you need a high performance CPU (32 bit, ARM Cortex M0/M3/M4, PIC32, etc.)?
Teensy series (
http://pjrc.com/teensy/index.html):
Teensy 2.0/Teensy 2.0++/teensy 3 are nice ( I actually bought all 3, but haven't had the time to play with them).
v3 is based on an ARM chip (freescale Kinetis)
Highlights -
breadboard friendly
You can program them via an Arduino-like environment (teensyduino) or normal gcc flow.
tons of examples, including many USB profiles *(serial/keyboard/mouse/joystick/MIDI, etc.).
Not compatible with Arduino form factor and shields.
TI Launchpad:
Latest revisions has an MSP430G2253 that has 16K flash vs 2K on the original chip that came with it.
Still costs $4.30
Energia is a port of the Arduino environment for the MSP430, so it can feel like one from a SW perspective.
http://energia.nu/http://forum.43oh.com/forum/28-energia/
Stellaris launchpad:
Running an ARM cortex M4 with 128K flash
pin compatible with original launchpad, plus another row of pins (similar to arduino vs arduino mega)
$13 (used to be $5 at introduction) with free shipping (AFAIK)
Not supported by Energia at the moment, but next release will.
Raspberry Pi
$35 (~$42 at your door - from RS)
backordered
Running full Linux with 512MB RAM
Requires an SD card - extra cost.
Limited on board I/O
For your project:
If you want arduino compatibility and ethernet, your choices are limited:
http://imall.iteadstudio.com/development-platform/arduino/arduino-compatible-mainboard.html?external_resources=25
Board with onboard ethernet and SD card is $29 (notice this board is not arduino shield compatible).
alternatively, stand alone ethernet shield starts at $9.07 at ebay.