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[Lilliana Adames]

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In the Mughal Period, Child marriage were generally accepted and bride price was common among lower castes, while dowry among the higher castes. Widow re-marriage is the common thing and possible in many of the castes like Jats, Ahirs and Mewatis. Women are allowed to do domestic household chores and agricultural activities but not for preparing the land for crops. India was one of the few countries in the world where women working in heavy tasks like building construction.

In Rig-Vedic period, women had an equal and important share in the social and religious life because a man without a women, considered as incomplete. Women regularly participate in all ceremonies with men (Wife and Husband).

In Vedic Period, women is considered as equal to men in education. Co-education seems to have existed in this period and both the sexes got equal attention from the teacher. Girls studied the Vedas and fine arts. During the Vedic Period women enjoyed a fair amount of freedom and equality. The Vedic period can best be termed as the period of feminine glory and prestigious life. During the Vedic Age inter-class marriages used to take place in the form of Anuloma marriage. In Upanishad, Anuloma did exist which means a person legally entitled to the property. Anuloma is nothing but a lower caste women can marry the higher caste men.

"Although little is known of the true role women played in the Indus Valley Civilization.... The hairstyles, ornaments and dressing clearly indicate the important prominence assigned to women at that time in what appeared to be a nearly based on the principle that all people are equal in society.

Women in the Bronze Age made significant contributions to society through their travels and role in spreading culture, technology and ideas. In fact, new information about the role of women in the Bronze Age is still being discovered in the 21st century.

The historical analysis of the position of women in ancient India shows that the women did not enjoy the equal position with men. Women were recognised only as wives and mothers, there are times where women are tick to kitchen. Women are subordinates to men, indian women are disempowered and they enjoyed the lower status than men. Social reformers thought that social change could be initiated by educating women and bringing progressive legislation.

This scheme will bypass many things including long tenures, pension and other benefits which were there in old system.[5] Opposition parties in India have criticised and expressed concerns about the consequences of the new scheme. They have asked the scheme to be put on hold and that the scheme be discussed in the Parliament.[6]

Prior to the introduction of the scheme, soldiers were recruited into the armed forces on a 15+ year tenure with lifelong pension.[7] From 2019, no recruitment in the armed forces was done for three years. The Indian Government cited COVID-19 pandemic in India for this. Meanwhile 50,000 to 60,000 soldiers continued to retire annually, leading to a personnel shortage that had begun to affect the operational capabilities of the armed forces.[8][9]

In 2020 a 'Tour of duty' scheme was proposed for voluntary recruitment into the forces for civilians to enable them to join for three years of short service.[11] The proposed scheme was on a trial basis and was planned to start with a test group of 100 officers and 1000 soldiers.[12]

The Agnipath scheme was approved by the Indian Government in June 2022 to be implemented from September 2022. The announcement was done on 14 June 2022.[14] The scheme is for both male and female aspirants of age group 17.5 to 21 years. In the midst of widespread protests against the scheme, the Central Government raised the upper limit from 21 to 23, but only for recruitment in the year 2022.[15][16] The recruitment through this scheme is to be twice a year for the Indian Army, the Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force. The posts available are below the officer cadre.[17][2] [18]

On 17 July 2022, Jammu and Kashmir's Lieutenant Governor Manoj Sinha announced a 10% reservation in Jammu and Kashmir Police service for those who retire after serving in the military under the Agnipath scheme.[23]

On 12 July 2024, Central Industrial Security Force, Border Security Force and Railway Protection Force announced 10% reservation and age relaxation for former Agniveer soldiers.[24] The reservation is also applicable within Central Armed Police Forces and Assam Rifles.[25]

On 17 July 2024, Government of Haryana announced 10% reservation in the police force of Haryana Police, mining guards and forest guards. The state government also announced incentives for private sector for hiring agniveers. Age relaxation for government jobs in Group B and C categories was also announced along with a 5% reservation in Group C jobs. The state government has also interest benefits for businesses set up by retired military under the Agnipath scheme. The chief minister also promised priority in government departments, boards and corporation jobs.[26][27]

The scheme will not include long tenures, pensions, or other benefits that existed in the old system.[5] Individuals aspiring to join Armed Forces were disappointed with the rules of the new scheme. The main causes of concern were the short length of service, no pension provisions for those released early, and the 17.5 to 21-year age restriction. Many of the current aspirants were rendered ineligible to serve in the Indian armed forces under these new rules.[29]

Before the introduction of the new scheme for recruitment, Indian government did not produce any white papers. The scheme was neither debated in the parliament nor in the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Defence. No information about the scheme was given to the public prior to its announcement.[4]

The Hindu in its editorial, asked the scheme to be put on hold and stated, "If a soldier's job is now turned into contractual employment, it might not motivate aspirants who hope for job security, pension, and honour. The argument that defence should not be treated as an employment guarantee scheme is rhetorically impressive, but the fact is that from the manufacturing of arms to the employment of soldiers, the sector plays a critical role in the economy. For a country like India, where unemployment remains a major policy challenge, the concerns cannot be dismissed easily. The Government also faces the very credible charge that this is nothing more than a cost-cutting plan."[7]

On 30 June Punjab Legislative Assembly passed a resolution recommending the state government that it urges the Union Government of India to immediately roll back the scheme. The resolution was opposed by BJP members of the assembly who were in minority. Punjab was the only state to pass such a resolution.[58]

Data from Director General Resettlement, Government of India - the nodal body responsible for rehabilitating retired military personnel, shows that states, Central public sector units, including defence PSUs, and Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) have failed to recruit against the vacancies reserved for veterans.[59]

For public sector banks, Central public sector units, and CAPF, the reservation is 14.5 and 24.5 per cent, respectively. But, as of June last year,[clarification needed] ex-servicemen constituted only 1.15% of the Group C strength and 0.3% of the Group D strength in 94 of the 170 CPSUs.[59]

The picture is more dismal if Central ministries are taken into consideration. Between 32 Central ministries, only 1.60 per cent of the 22,168 positions reserved for veterans have been filled. For instance, the Indian Railways, one of the world's largest employers, could only fill 1.4 per cent (16,264 out of the 1.15 million) positions reserved for retired personnel of the armed forces. For the ten defence PSUs, where the Centre has announced a 10 per cent reservation for the Agnipath scheme, veterans constituted only 3.45 per cent and 2.71 per cent of Group C and Group D posts, respectively. Even the paramilitary forces haven't shown much interest in hiring veterans.[59]

As of June 2021, only 0.62 per cent of positions reserved for veterans have been filled by the five wings of the paramilitary forces - Border Security Force (BSF), Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB), and Central Industrial Security Force (CISF).[59]

The states have also been unable to find jobs for military returns. For instance, by the end of 2020, Bihar, UP, Punjab and Haryana, which cumulatively account for 80 per cent of the Indian armed forces, have given jobs to only 1.5 per cent out of the 200,000 veterans who had registered for a job.[59]

On 14 June 2022, soon after the announcement of the scheme, violent protests erupted in several states in India where the army aspirants angry with the new scheme called for its rollback and damaged public property including buses and trains.[29] This scheme evoked mixed reactions from army veterans mostly negative.[60][61]

On 16 June 2022, violence was reported at Chhapra, Jehanabad, Munger and Nawada in Bihar.[63] Army aspirants burnt down trains and buses. They set fire to train bogies in Kaimur and Chhapra districts, blocking train traffic in Siwan, Ara, Jehanabad, Nawada, Saharsha, Chhapra, and road traffic in some places.[64] Later the protests along with violent incidents were reported in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana and other states.[63] More than 200 trains were affected by the protests, 35 trains have been cancelled and 13 trains were terminated short of their destination.[29]

On 17 June, protesters attacked the house of the Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar, Renu Devi.[65][66] The mobs of young protesters went on a rampage and set fire to trains and other property after which Bihar government ordered internet shutdowns in 18 districts. More than 325 people were arrested in Bihar and 250 in Uttar Pradesh.[67] 12 trains were set on fire, and the movement of 300 trains were affected. 214 trains were cancelled, 11 trains were diverted and 90 were terminated short of their destination.[41] At least 1 person was killed in the protests.[68]

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