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Arnaude Kubiak

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Aug 3, 2024, 6:15:59 PM8/3/24

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We always need more help to keep all things going, so hereis the usual call for volunteers... ;-) If you like to join ourgroup, and help us in any way , please send a mail tovice-...@lists.sourceforge.netor catch us in #vice-dev on Libera.Chat IRC.Anyone interested in helping development of VICE is welcome. Please contactusto avoid doing something that someone else has done already. (-:(You might also want to have a look at ourTODOlist)

Before contacting us, have a look at thethe VICE Manual if yourquestion is answered there. Keep in mindthat we work on VICE in our spare-time, so the more time we don't need to answerthe same questions over and over again, the more time we have to improve theemulation itself. On the other hand, that does not mean that you should notcontact us, especially if you find bugs or have suggestions which mightimprove the emulation.The list of already knownBUGSis also available.

You can download the latest VICE distribution here.If you want to help improving the official ports and/or want to provide binaries, please get in touch with us.Occasionally we might upload unofficial test buildshere.

Current VICE team members:Pottendo,Marco van den Heuvel,Fabrizio Gennari,Groepaz,Errol Smith,Ingo Korb,Olaf Seibert,Marcus Sutton,Kajtar Zsolt,AreaScout,Bas Wassink,Michael C. Martin,Christopher Phillips,David Hogan,Empathic Qubit,Roberto Muscedere,June Tate-Gans,Pablo Roldan.

Of course our warm thanks go to everyone who has helped us in developingVICE during these past few years. For a more detailed list look in thedocumentation.CopyrightThe VICE is copyrighted to:Pottendo,Marco van den Heuvel,Fabrizio Gennari,Groepaz,Errol Smith,Ingo Korb,Olaf Seibert,Marcus Sutton,Kajtar Zsolt,AreaScout,Bas Wassink,Michael C. Martin,Christopher Phillips,David Hogan,Empathic Qubit,Roberto Muscedere,June Tate-Gans,Pablo Roldan,Stefan Haubenthal,BSzili,Andreas Matthies,Daniel Kahlin,Benjamin 'BeRo' Rosseaux,Ulrich Schulz,Thomas Giesel,Antti S. Lankila,Christian Vogelgsang,Dag Lem,Spiro Trikaliotis,Hannu Nuotio,Andreas Boose,Tibor Biczo,M. Kiesel,Andreas Dehmel,David Hansel,Markus Brenner,Thomas Bretz,Daniel Sladic,Andre Fachat,Ettore Perazzoli,Teemu Rantanen,Jouko Valta,Jarkko Sonninen,Mikkel Holm Olsen,Manuel Antonio Rodriguez Bas,Paul Dube,Czirkos Zoltan,Karai Csaba,Andrea Musuruane,Jesse Lee,Jarek Sobolewski,Michael Litvinov,Peter Krefting,Emir Akaydin.

VICE is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify itunder the terms of the GNU General Public Licenseas published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

VICE is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty ofMERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See theGNU General Public License for more details.

The vice president of the United States (VPOTUS) is the second-highest officer in the executive branch[8][9] of the U.S. federal government, after the president of the United States, and ranks first in the presidential line of succession. The vice president is also an officer in the legislative branch, as the president of the Senate. In this capacity, the vice president is empowered to preside over the United States Senate, but may not vote except to cast a tie-breaking vote.[10] The vice president is indirectly elected together with the president to a four-year term of office by the people of the United States through the Electoral College.[10] Following the passage in 1967 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the US Constitution, a vacancy in the office of vice president may be filled by presidential nomination and confirmation by a majority vote in both houses of Congress.

The modern vice presidency is a position of significant power and is widely seen as an integral part of a president's administration. While the exact nature of the role varies in each administration, most modern vice presidents serve as a key presidential advisor, governing partner, and representative of the president. The vice president is also a statutory member of the United States Cabinet and United States National Security Council[10] and thus plays a significant role in executive government and national security matters. As the vice president's role within the executive branch has expanded, the legislative branch role has contracted; for example, vice presidents now preside over the Senate only infrequently.[11]

The role of the vice presidency has changed dramatically since the office was created during the 1787 Constitutional Convention. Originally something of an afterthought, the vice presidency was considered an insignificant office for much of the nation's history, especially after the Twelfth Amendment meant that vice presidents were no longer the runners-up in the presidential election. The vice president's role began steadily growing in importance during the 1930s, with the Office of the Vice President being created in the executive branch in 1939, and has since grown much further. Due to its increase in power and prestige, the vice presidency is now often considered to be a stepping stone to the presidency. Since the 1970s, the vice president has been afforded an official residence at Number One Observatory Circle.

Kamala Harris is the 49th and current vice president of the United States. She is the first African American, first Asian American and first female occupant of the office. Harris is the highest ranking female official in United States history. She assumed office on January 20, 2021.

No mention of an office of vice president was made at the 1787 Constitutional Convention until near the end, when an eleven-member committee on "Leftover Business" proposed a method of electing the chief executive (president).[14] Delegates had previously considered the selection of the Senate's presiding officer, deciding that "the Senate shall choose its own President", and had agreed that this official would be designated the executive's immediate successor. They had also considered the mode of election of the executive but had not reached consensus. This all changed on September 4, when the committee recommended that the nation's chief executive be elected by an Electoral College, with each state having a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that state's allocation of representatives and senators.[11][15]

Recognizing that loyalty to one's individual state outweighed loyalty to the new federation, the Constitution's framers assumed individual electors would be inclined to choose a candidate from their own state (a so-called "favorite son" candidate) over one from another state. So they created the office of vice president and required the electors to vote for two candidates, at least one of whom must be from outside the elector's state, believing that the second vote would be cast for a candidate of national character.[15][16] Additionally, to guard against the possibility that electors might strategically waste their second votes, it was specified that the first runner-up would become vice president.[15]

The resultant method of electing the president and vice president, spelled out in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, allocated to each state a number of electors equal to the combined total of its Senate and House of Representatives membership. Each elector was allowed to vote for two people for president (rather than for both president and vice president), but could not differentiate between their first and second choice for the presidency. The person receiving the greatest number of votes (provided it was an absolute majority of the whole number of electors) would be president, while the individual who received the next largest number of votes became vice president. If there were a tie for first or for second place, or if no one won a majority of votes, the president and vice president would be selected by means of contingent elections protocols stated in the clause.[17][18]

The emergence of political parties and nationally coordinated election campaigns during the 1790s (which the Constitution's framers had not contemplated) quickly frustrated the election plan in the original Constitution. In the election of 1796, Federalist candidate John Adams won the presidency, but his bitter rival, Democratic-Republican candidate Thomas Jefferson, came second and thus won the vice presidency. As a result, the president and vice president were from opposing parties; and Jefferson used the vice presidency to frustrate the president's policies. Then, four years later, in the election of 1800, Jefferson and fellow Democratic-Republican Aaron Burr each received 73 electoral votes. In the contingent election that followed, Jefferson finally won the presidency on the 36th ballot, leaving Burr the vice presidency. Afterward, the system was overhauled through the Twelfth Amendment in time to be used in the 1804 election.[21]

For much of its existence, the office of vice president was seen as little more than a minor position. John Adams, the first vice president, was the first of many frustrated by the "complete insignificance" of the office. To his wife Abigail Adams he wrote, "My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man ... or his imagination contrived or his imagination conceived; and as I can do neither good nor evil, I must be borne away by others and met the common fate."[22] Thomas R. Marshall, who served as vice president from 1913 to 1921 under President Woodrow Wilson, lamented: "Once there were two brothers. One ran away to sea; the other was elected Vice President of the United States. And nothing was heard of either of them again."[23] His successor, Calvin Coolidge, was so obscure that Major League Baseball sent him free passes that misspelled his name, and a fire marshal failed to recognize him when Coolidge's Washington residence was evacuated.[24] John Nance Garner, who served as vice president from 1933 to 1941 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, claimed that the vice presidency "isn't worth a pitcher of warm piss".[25] Harry Truman, who also served as vice president under Franklin Roosevelt, said the office was as "useful as a cow's fifth teat".[26] Walter Bagehot remarked in The English Constitution that "[t]he framers of the Constitution expected that the vice-president would be elected by the Electoral College as the second wisest man in the country. The vice-presidentship being a sinecure, a second-rate man agreeable to the wire-pullers is always smuggled in. The chance of succession to the presidentship is too distant to be thought of."[27]