4 Plus 1 Language Domains

[Trena Emano]

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Background: We aimed to validate the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) dementia staging instrument plus the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Centre Behaviour and Language Domains (CDR plus NACC FTLD) for use in clinical settings in Japan and in the Japanese language.

Methods: This prospective observational study enrolled 29 patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and 21 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia from the Departments of Psychiatry at Osaka University Hospital and Asakayama General Hospital and the Brain Function Centre at Nippon Life Hospital. CDR plus NACC FTLD, CDR, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Western Aphasia Battery (WAB), Neuropsychiatric Inventory-plus (NPI-plus), Stereotypy Rating Inventory (SRI), and frontal behavioural symptom scores obtained from items of NPI-plus and SRI, were conducted to assess inter- and intra-rater reliability, validity, and responsiveness. We performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to evaluate the discriminating power of the Behaviour/Comportment/Personality (BEHAV) and Language (LANG) domains of the CDR plus NACC FTLD and the MEMORY domain of the CDR in patients AD dementia and FTD.

Results: The CDR plus NACC FTLD showed good inter- and intra-rater reliabilities. In patients with FTD, the BEHAV domain of the CDR plus NACC FTLD was significantly correlated with all clinical measures except for the SRI total score, while the LANG domain of the CDR plus NACC FTLD was significantly correlated with the MMSE and the WAB-Aphasia quotient. In addition, the CDR plus NACC FTLD sum of boxes significantly changed after 6 months and after 1 year. ROC curve analysis showed that the BEHAV and LANG domains of the CDR plus NACC FTLD distinguished between patients with AD dementia and FTD better than the MEMORY domain of the CDR.

The CLQT+ test may be used as a standalone overview assessment that gives a broad perspective across relevant domains of cognition and language, and/or in connection with other assessment tools in a battery.

Though recently published, author Nancy Helm-Estabrooks and Pearson have reconsidered the Non-Linguistic Cognition (NLC) Index severity ranges found on page 16 of the record form and decided that they are more clinically relevant with a different distribution methodology. Please dispose of your old forms (print code 1-12A-E on the front cover, bottom right corner) to avoid any confusion. The new print code will be 2-12B-E, in the same location on the cover.

On Design Memory, how would you handle a response after 10 seconds? Would it just be marked as incorrect since it states under the time limit "allow 10 seconds", or would you prompt and then score their response? The Manual states under the repeating directions and stimuli section "if the examinee does not attempt to respond withing 10 seconds". However, it also states "Do not give credit for any responses completed after the time limit."

If the examinee does not respond to the item after 10 seconds, score the item as incorrect. According to the manual, you may repeat the directions once at the 10 second mark. You may record descriptively if the examinee responds (correctly or incorrectly) after the 10 seconds, but you may not re-score the item after the 10 second mark.

Because the record form page is facing the examinee when showing how to make unique designs using four dots and four lines, I have trouble drawing the examples so they are oriented right for the examinee. Do you have a simple solution to my problem?

I am setting up a simple bilingual website (English and Portuguese) and I started with the multilingual site template and a server that allows for two domain names (I'll call them "english.org" and "portuguese.org") to function equivalently. The language switcher works as expected and pages show the correct values for each language, so there's no problem in the setup. But there are two additional things that I need to do and haven't yet figured out:

What I hoped to get from this code was presetting the language to Portuguese based on the incoming domain name and from that I could include $rootdomain and $hreflang in the language switcher so that the domain name would change also when the switcher is used, but so far it hasn't worked. I also feel like I'm doing this wrong by looping through $languages since I only have two, but I tried this after other methods failed. Someone who is more familiar with this class can probably point out my error easily.

And as for #2 (removing the language code from the URL), my first instinct is to do this using .htaccess (portuguese.org -> portuguese.org/pt/) but based on other forum posts I've seen that may not be necessary. What's the PW way to get these URLs? I assume that I must have unique (and not empty) slugs for both languages in every page for this to work without .htaccess, since both domain names resolve to the same place, right?

this may not be the answer you are looking for, but I would really consider your approach in making a website available for multiple domains. For search engines that could be considered duplicate content and for users it could be annoying, because f.e. they would have to approve the cookie consent again.

I would recommend you to figure out what the default language and domain of your website should be (English or Portuguese) and then redirect the other domain to the language of the default domain (portuguese.org to english.org/pt/). The default language (in this case english.org) doesn't require a language URL (/en/).

This site is for a major published report that is produced jointly by a US-based and a Brazilian organization. The content for each language is not really just the same thing translated, since it's written for very different audiences and although it's based on the same research and data and makes the same main points, it changes a lot in the two editing processes. For example, to the English-speaking audience we need to explain elements of Brazilian history, geography, government functions, etc., whereas the Brazilian audience doesn't need any of that context but might need more explanation on a US policy or company with which the English-speaking audience is very likely to be familiar. I'm always amazed by how much texts like this need to be completely rewritten when "translated" in order to make sense in an entirely different context.

And in any case, this is the 5th annual report for which the US and Brazilian groups have been promoting it using these separate domain names (I'm trying to bring all of the past separate HTML sites plus this new one under one organized PW roof), so that horse has left the barn.

I actually looked at that example before I posted my question here, and it was helpful for me to get started and understand where and how I needed to approach this. But I couldn't quite adapt the methods in it to my specific situation, since I'm using different domains entirely (not subdomains) and I don't want to include the /en/ and /pt/ anywhere in the URL. Maybe .htaccess is actually a better way to approach this particular case?

I just got back to this and I figured out how to modify the language switcher to specify the appropriate domain name when clicked (see below). I haven't delved into how to remove the subdirectories in the URLs or how to set the language to Portuguese whenever the portuguese.org domain name is used. Kinda wondering if in my case it wouldn't be easier to just start over with a non-multilingual installation and just create separate English and Portuguese pages (perhaps with a field in each mapping to its counterpart in the other language).

Interesting! I wasn't aware of the multisite option, and that might be a better option in my case. With the multilingual site that I'm testing now, I was imagining just having a separate home page template that pulls the correct language data depending upon the domain name and displays the appropriate content, but I'm starting to see how I'm forcing a square peg into a round hole.

OTOH, do I even need a multisite installation, or could I just have a normal installation with both English and Portuguese pages? To switch languages, I could just have a field in each page to link to its counterpart (or I could also just do what the existing HTML sites that I'm assimilating do now: have a single link to the home page in the alternate language). The only glitches that I can think of at the moment would be that a) every page name/URL would need to be unique (not really an issue in my case), and b) search would return results from both languages unless I added a filter.

And of course as you mention I'd need to find a way to have two home pages (one per domain name), but I imagine that I could do that with either a home page template that adapts (perhaps just by pulling data from another page for an alternate language) or an .htaccess trick (rewriting one of the home page URLs).

I wrote that last post on a Saturday and I needed to have the new site up and running on Monday, so I ended up just using .htaccess to separate traffic into en and pt subdirectories and PHP files to create the pages. Which works, but at some point I'd still like to figure out how to do this using Processwire. Additionally I realized that in some cases the page names were the same for the two languages, whereas in others they were not (e.g., map and mapa). So I would have needed to futz with that detail as well, which didn't seem insurmountable but was another example of "square peg != round hole." Since one of the main reasons that I wanted this site in PW was to allow others to make edits and it turns out that no one else has shown any interest in doing that, I'm putting this on the shelf for a while.

Both the OCS and OCS-Plus screening tools were developed at the University of Oxford, under the lead of Professor Demeyere, following rigorous neuropsychological and psychometric approaches. The core aim in making these tools available is to improve cognitive screening practices to detect cognitive changes, with a particular focus on vascular cognitive impairments. The screening tools were designed to be inclusive for patients with aphasia, hemiplegia and neglect and reduce any confounds that may occur because of these often co-occurring difficulties.

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