Re: Bridge Engineering.pdf
Roseanne Gennett
This manual has been prepared to provide Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) bridge design engineers with a guide to the design criteria, analysis methods, and detailing procedures for the preparation of highway bridge and structure construction plans, specifications, and estimates.
This Manual does not address all conceivable problems that may arise during the project development/design process, but is intended to be a sufficiently comprehensive bridge engineering guide when applied with sound engineering judgment. A thorough knowledge of the contents of this Manual is essential for efficient engineering of NHDOT highway structures.
MnDOT partnered with other organizations to create an interactive program to integrate bridge architecture, design, and engineering into a school curriculum. See project partners and background. The curriculum is designed to meet current Minnesota education curriculum standards and benchmarks.
Designing infrastructure that can withstand the effects of earthquakes and other natural disasters is a key concern within the construction industry. This article will explore how engineers take into account seismic design to improve the safety of bridges.
Whilst performance-based seismic design procedures are well-established for commercial and domestic buildings such as skyscrapers, there is a more limited application of these concepts to bridges. One type of applicable study is direct displacement-based design (DDBD.)
DDBD principle studies for bridge piers and entire bridges have been in existence since the 1990s. However, these procedures have some major disadvantages currently, such as not being deemed appropriate for final bridge design but are powerful tools for preliminary design stages.
Current codes have not formally adopted DDBD procedures due to their drawbacks, which severely limit the rational seismic design of bridges. This is urgently needed to protect against loss of life and widespread property damage.
Whilst far from perfect, however, current codes such as Eurocode 8 are deemed adequate. These codes have ample margins of safety, protecting new structures against collapse, and can help the design of robust bridges that can withstand seismic events.
There are several examples of recent bridge designs which utilize seismic design to improve their robustness and ability to withstand earthquakes. Seismic dampers are one technology that can be applied during the bridge design and construction stages.
Real seismic event data for the local area was used during the design process to produce a response spectrum, with several configurations studied by the designers. Based on data modeling, viscous dampers were found to be the optimal choice for this essential bridge.
Retrofitting bridges, especially in areas prone to devastating earthquakes, is a key concern for governments worldwide and presents complex challenges. Utilizing seismic design during the process, existing bridges will meet ever-more stringent codes and regulations.
Much of the civil infrastructure network in locales such as the EU, USA, and Japan was constructed between the 1940s and 1970s and is fast approaching the end of its service life. Many bridges and viaducts were built to old codes that do not have the stringent requirements the construction industry of today must adhere to.
The optimal retrofit strategy differs from that of a new build bridge and is based on similar but unique analysis and evaluation of structures at risk of seismic activity. Any design strategy must also avoid disrupting traffic flow and normal bridge operations and ensure cost benefits whilst ensuring adequate seismic resilience.
Seismic retrofitting methods include steel jacketing, GFRP jacketing, transverse bracing or infill walls, span restrainers, seismic isolation, dampers, restrainers, bumper blocks, and spandrel wall strengthening. Different methods are utilized depending on bridge type.
Rational and in-depth seismic design procedures that satisfy the latest codes are urgently needed for new builds and retrofits of essential structures such as bridges and viaducts in earthquake-prone zones.
Design, build, test, repeat! Forget popsicle stick, balsa wood, or spaghetti bridges, TeacherGeek bridges allow you to do what was never before possible: redesign and retest your bridge without the hot glue or mess. Using TeacherGeek's proprietary build system, students will have more control over their bridge than ever before; allowing them to learn through experimentation and failure, and evolve designs as their understanding grows. From arch bridges to trusses; with so many design possibilities students are never done making!
Pack contains components to create 10 bridges, and a hook to help test them. In addition to this kit, you need 5 or 7 gallon buckets, weights (e.g. water bottles), and tools (multi-cutter, pliers, screwdriver).
You need to make a testing station so students can test their bridges. This guide walks you through setting up your testing station using common, inexpensive supplies, and provides instructions for how to test bridges.
Bridge construction is one of the cores of traffic infrastructure construction. To better develop relevant bridge science, this paper introduces the main research progress in China and abroad in 2021 from 12 aspects. The content consists of four parts in 12 aspects. The first part is about the bridge structure and analysis theories, including concrete bridge and high-performance materials, steel bridges, composite girders and cable-supported bridge analysis theories. The second part is about the bridge disaster prevention and mitigation, including bridge seismic resistance, vibration and noise reduction of rail transit bridges, monitoring and detection of steel bridge, hydrodynamics of coastal bridges, and durability of the concrete bridge under the complex environmental conditions. The last part is concerning the bridge emerging technologies, including bridge assessment and reinforcement, the technology in bridge structure test and intelligent construction and safe operation and maintenance of bridges.
Over the past year, China's bridge construction has achieved fruitful results in many fields. In order to achieve more outstanding results in the future, it is necessary to analyze and summarize the progress of bridge research in the past year. The content consists of three parts in 12 aspects. The manuscript logic structure block diagram is shown in Fig. 1
The first part is about the bridge structure and analysis theories, including concrete bridge and high-performance materials, steel bridges, composite girders and the cable-supported bridge analysis theories. The second part is about the bridge disaster prevention and mitigation, including bridge seismic resistance, vibration and noise reduction of rail transit bridges, monitoring and detection of steel bridge, hydrodynamics of coastal bridges, and durability of concrete bridge under the complex environmental conditions. The last part is concerning the bridge emerging technologies, including bridge assessment and reinforcement, the technology in bridge structure test and intelligent construction and safe operation and maintenance of bridges. The manuscript will analyze and summarize the progress of bridge research according to these twelve areas in turn.
Concrete bridge is one of the most common bridge forms. This paper will mainly summarize and comment on the mechanical analysis, operation and maintenance, performance evaluation under the whole life cycle of concrete bridges, and high-performance concrete materials (fiber reinforced concrete: FRC; geopolymer concrete: GPC; ultra high-performance concrete: UHPC) and high-performance fiber reinforcement for bridges in the past year.
For example, in the study of the mechanical properties of prestressed concrete bridges: Lantsoght et al. (2021) studied the shear capacity of prestressed concrete girders, and failure mode was under discussion; Song et al. (2021c) proposed a reinforced concrete anisotropic intrinsic structure model combined with a layered shell theory approach to creating curved box section. In the area of seismic analysis studies of concrete bridges, Todorov et al. (2021) use.
d a non-linear finite element model of bridge piers based on fiber cells to investigate the effects of long-range ground shaking and near-fault ground shaking on the seismic performance of seismically designed piers.
In 2021, great progress has been made in the operation and maintenance of concrete bridges in a variety of directions. Biswas et al. (2021) proposed a numerical model that can simulate the mechanical behavior of corroded reinforced concrete piers under earthquake. He et al. (2021g) proposed a method for evaluating the service performance of post-tensioned segmental box girder bridges based on cracks and applied it to the condition evaluation of two actual bridges. In addition, Chen et al (2021h) established a time-varying model of resistance degradation of ordinary reinforced concrete bridges to analyze the time-varying reliability of bridges under vehicle loads. Sun et al. (2022) studied the influence of frost heave damage on the mechanical properties of post tensioned prestressed concrete beams and its mechanism. Abdollahni et al. (2021) studied the fatigue life of concrete bridge pile foundations under the impact of waves.
In 2021, a lot of progress was obtained in the research of FRP materials for Bridges. Cai et al. (2021b) proposed an innovative precast segmental bridge column (PSBC) system with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bar and steel bar as longitudinal reinforcement materials. The ductile failure mode of FSR-PSBC system was studied, and three damage limit states were defined in the process of ductile failure. Jia et al. (2021a) proposed a double-reinforced pier structure using fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) bars and steel bars, and studied the ductility, post-yield stiffness and residual deformation of the pier structure. In addition, Kasiviswanathan and Upadhyay (2021) studied the buckling behavior of the web of a simply supported FRP box-beams under reverse load. Liu et al. (2021h) proposed an arch beam made of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) based on the latest curved-pultrusion technique.
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