Cast Of 8 Mile

[Janne Desir]

Inthe first report, you can rank states by either gas distribution main miles or service line counts. Distribution mains are natural gas distribution pipelines that serve as a common source of supply for more than one service line. Service lines are the pipelines that transport gas to a customer's meter or piping. The table is initially sorted by the number of miles of cast or wrought iron gas distribution main but can be sorted by any of the columns.

The second report shows the change in main miles and service line counts over the years. Nationally, cast and wrought iron distribution main mileage has decreased by 60 percent from 2005 to 2023. The number of cast or wrought iron service lines has decreased by approximately 80 percent over the same time period. The third report shows data for each operator reporting iron pipelines since 2005.

Even though the amount of cast iron pipelines is declining, there have been a number of recent incidents caused by cast iron gas distribution main failures, resurging attention to the risks associated with cast and wrought iron pipelines.

Incident and Consequence Analysis

PHMSA regulations require gas distribution operators to submit incident reports when a leak causes an injury or fatality, property damage exceeding the regulatory threshold as per 191.3, or the unintentional release of three million standard cubic feet, or more of gas. Gas distribution incident reports (excluding those caused by leaks beyond the customer meter) for 2005 through 2023 show the following:

What Causes Iron Pipe Leaks?

The biggest threat to cast or wrought iron pipe is earth movement. If these pipelines are disturbed by digging, seasonal frost heave, or changes in ground water levels, leakage may occur.

Another serious threat called graphitization is a natural process in which iron degrades to softer elements, making iron pipelines more susceptible to cracking. The extent of graphitization depends on many factors, but gas may leak from the joints or through cracks in the pipe if graphitization has occurred.

When leaks occur on low-pressure systems with cast or wrought iron distribution lines, the volume of gas escaping through the failure point is much less than what might escape through the same size failure in a system operating at higher pressures. However, even a relatively small volume of natural gas leakage can have catastrophic consequences.

History

Cast and wrought iron pipelines were originally constructed to transport manufactured gas beginning in the 1870s and 1880s, with cast iron becoming more popular in the early 1900s.

In 1970 PHMSA began collecting data about gas pipelines mileage categorized by pipe material type. In 1983, gas distribution pipeline operators reported 61,536 miles of cast iron and 4,371 miles of wrought iron pipe. Operators began submitting merged data for the two beginning in 1984.

Wrought iron pipelines were joined end-to-end using either threaded or compression couplings, while cast iron pipelines were linked using bell and spigot joints with packing material stuffed in the bell to form a gas tight seal. Since these pipelines transported wet, manufactured gas, the packing material absorbed moisture and generally did not leak.

As dry, natural gas began supplanting manufactured gas use in the mid-20th century, the packing material sealing the joints dried out, causing leaks. A variety of clamping and encapsulation techniques have been implemented over the years to repair the joints.

Distribution Integrity Management Programs

In late 2009, PHMSA implemented pipeline safety regulations for managing the integrity of gas distribution pipelines. Operators were required to create and implement Distribution Integrity Management Programs (DIMP) by August 2011. Operators are required to know the specific characteristics of their system and operating environment to identify threats, evaluate the risk, and take measures to reduce the risk.

Specifically for cast/wrought iron, operators must have knowledge of the specific characteristics of the pipe and environments where graphitization could be severe. Evaluating past leak history and monitoring cast/wrought iron pipe during excavations are also key components of maintaining integrity.

National Transportation Safety Board Recommendations

The National Transportation Safety Board is an independent federal agency that conducts investigations to determine the probable causes of transportation accidents.

In 1986, the NTSB investigated an explosion at a restaurant in Derby, Conn., that killed six people and injured 12. The NTSB issued recommendations for corrective action only to the pipeline operator. In 1990, a natural gas explosion and fire killed one person, injured nine, destroyed two homes, and damaged two adjacent houses in Allentown, Pa. The NTSB report found that a water main leak eroded support under a 4-inch cast iron gas main. This ground disturbance results in a circumferential crack in the gas main. Natural gas migrated through the soil and into the basement of one of the homes where it ignited, exploded, and burned. The cast iron gas main was significantly weakened by graphitization.

RSPA Alert Notice 91-02 Encourages operators to develop procedures to identify segments of cast iron pipe that may need replacement. Reminds operators that pipeline safety regulations require generally graphitized cast iron pipe to be replaced and protect excavated cast iron pipe from damage.

RSPA Alert Notice 92-02 Reminds operators that pipeline safety regulations require operators to have a procedure for continuing surveillance of pipeline facilities to identify problems and take appropriate action concerning failures, leakage history, corrosion, and other unusual operating and maintenance conditions. This procedure should also include surveillance of cast iron to identify problems and take appropriate action concerning graphitization.

PHMSA Advisory Bulletin ADB-2012-05 In 2012, PHMSA supplemented the two RSPA alert notices asking operators and state pipeline safety representatives to monitor cast iron replacement programs, establish accelerated leak surveys, focus safety efforts on high risk pipe, incentivize pipeline rehabilitation, repair and replacement programs, strengthen inspection, accident investigation and enforcement actions, and install home methane gas alarms.

On this episode of RAD Cast Outdoors, Patrick and David sit down with Seth Ewing to discuss an epic 240 mile, 16 day Swiss Alps adventure. Seth and Patrick have been best friends for 32 years, and Seth has always been one to seek out grueling adventures in the wilderness, much to the bewilderment of his friend Patrick. They discuss the pain, endurance, mental battles, the vistas, the terrain, and much more. Seth explains how this trip was much more than just a site seeing trip for him and how it had very deep, spiritual significance. This episode is a must listen.

This episode of RAD Cast Outdoors Podcast is sponsored by PK Lures, Hi Mountain Seasonings, and Bow Spider. Please go visit our sponsors and thank them for sponsoring RAD Cast Outdoors by giving them your business.

Mile 22 is a 2018 American espionage action thriller film directed by Peter Berg and written by Lea Carpenter, from a story by Carpenter and Graham Roland.[5] The film stars Mark Wahlberg, Iko Uwais, John Malkovich, Lauren Cohan, and Ronda Rousey. It follows an elite top secret CIA unit composed of paramilitary officers from the Special Activities Division's Ground Branch, that has to escort a high-priority asset, a rogue police officer, 22 miles to an extraction point while being hunted by the government.[6][7] The film marks the fourth collaboration between Berg and Wahlberg, following Lone Survivor, Deepwater Horizon, and Patriots Day.

The film was released in the United States on August 17, 2018, by STX Entertainment, and grossed $66 million worldwide, but received negative reviews, with the critical consensus from Rotten Tomatoes calling it a "thrill-deficient action thriller".[8]

CIA Officer James Silva leads a top secret CIA Special Activities Division unit, code-named Overwatch, to infiltrate a Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) safe house in the United States. Under the supervision of James Bishop, Overwatch's mission is to locate and destroy shipments of caesium before the highly toxic substance can be weaponized to kill thousands. The unit kills the occupants, while Overwatch Agent Alice Kerr is wounded. One of the Russians, an 18-year-old named Anatole Kuragin, falls out of a window during an explosion after failing to save the caesium. Silva executes Kuragin despite his pleading, and everyone escapes.

Sixteen months later, Indocarr (a fictional country loosely based on Indonesia) police officer Li Noor surrenders at the United States Embassy to negotiate for passage out of the country in exchange for information on the remaining cesium. Kerr vouches for Noor's reliability as an asset, but he refuses to reveal the password to an encrypted, self-destroying disc until he is safely on a plane. While Noor is being tested, Kerr tries to come to terms with her family issues. Axel, leading a team from the Indocarr State Intelligence Agency, arrives at the embassy and demands that Noor be handed over as Noor fends off an assassination attempt by Indocarr government agents. Overwatch Agent Sam Snow and Kerr arrive, shocked at his combat prowess, learning that Noor used to be Indocarr Special Forces.

Silva agrees to take Noor to an airplane 22 miles away. Noor reveals he is turning on the corrupt Indocarr government because it killed his family. Bishop's surveillance feed blacks out, then comes on again. During the blackout, Axel's men place a bomb on the car, which explodes. While Silva's unit helps fend off Axel's men, Sam is mortally injured. Silva gives Sam two grenades and leaves her, letting her suicide-attack the remaining henchmen.

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