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Robert Louis Stevenson (born Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson; 13 November 1850 – 3 December 1894) was a Scottish novelist, poet and travel writer, most noted for Treasure Island, Kidnapped, Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, and A Child's Garden of Verses.


Born and educated in Edinburgh, Stevenson suffered Il dottor Jekyll e mr. Hyde from serious bronchial trouble for much of his life, but continued to write prolifically and travel widely in defiance of his poor health. As a young man, he mixed in London literary circles, receiving encouragement from Andrew Lang, Edmund Gosse, Leslie Stephen and W. E. Henley, the last of whom may have Il dottor Jekyll e mr. Hyde provided the model for Long John Silver in Treasure Island. In 1890, he settled in Samoa where, alarmed at European and American encroachment upon the South Sea islands, his writing turned away from romance and adventure toward a darker realism. He died in his island home in 1894.[1]


A celebrity Il dottor Jekyll e mr. Hyde in his lifetime, Stevenson's critical reputation has fluctuated since his
death, though today his works are held in general acclaim. In 2018 he was ranked, just behind Charles Dickens, as the 26th-most-translated author in the world.[2]


Stevenson was born at 8 Howard Place, Edinburgh, Scotland on 13 November 1850 to Il dottor Jekyll e mr. Hyde Thomas Stevenson (1818–1887), a leading lighthouse engineer, and his wife Margaret Isabella (born Balfour, 1829–1897). He was christened Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson. At about age 18, he changed the spelling of "Lewis" to "Louis", and he dropped "Balfour" in 1873.[3][4]


Lighthouse design was the family's profession; Thomas's father (Robert's grandfather) Il dottor Jekyll e mr. Hyde was civil engineer Robert Stevenson, and Thomas's brothers (Robert's uncles) Alan and David were in the same field.[5] Thomas's maternal grandfather Thomas Smith had been in the same profession. However, Robert's mother's family were gentry, tracing their lineage back to Alexander Balfour who had held the lands of Inchyra in Il dottor Jekyll e mr. Hyde Fife in the fifteenth century. His mother's father Lewis Balfour (1777–1860) was a minister of the Church of Scotland at
nearby Colinton,[6] and her siblings included physician George William Balfour and marine engineer James Balfour. Stevenson spent the greater part of his boyhood holidays in his maternal grandfather's house. "Now Il dottor Jekyll e mr. Hyde I often wonder what I inherited from this old minister," Stevenson wrote. "I must suppose, indeed, that he was fond of preaching sermons, and so am I, though I never heard it maintained that either of us loved to hear them."[7]


Lewis Balfour and his daughter both had weak chests, Il dottor Jekyll e mr. Hyde so they often needed to stay in warmer climates for their health. Stevenson inherited a tendency to coughs and fevers, exacerbated when the family moved to a damp, chilly house at 1 Inverleith Terrace in 1851.[8] The family moved again to the sunnier 17 Heriot Row when Stevenson was six Il dottor Jekyll e mr. Hyde years old, but the tendency to extreme sickness in winter remained with him until he was 11. Illness was a recurrent feature of his adult life and left him extraordinarily
thin.[9] Contemporaneous views were that he had tuberculosis, but more recent views are that it was bronchiectasis[10] or even sarcoidosis.[11]


Il dottor Jekyll e mr. Hyde Stevenson's parents were both devout Presbyterians, but the household was not strict in its adherence to Calvinist principles. His nurse Alison Cunningham (known as Cummy)[12] was more fervently religious. Her mix of Calvinism and folk beliefs were an early source of nightmares for the child, and he showed a precocious Il dottor Jekyll e mr. Hyde concern for religion.[13] But she also cared for him tenderly in illness, reading to him from John Bunyan and the Bible as he lay sick in bed and telling tales of the Covenanters. Stevenson recalled this time of sickness in "The Land of Counterpane" in A Child's Garden of Verses Il dottor Jekyll e mr. Hyde (1885),[14] dedicating the book to his nurse.[15]


Stevenson was an only child, both strange-looking and eccentric, and he found it hard to fit in when he was sent to a nearby school at age 6, a problem repeated at age
11 when he went on to the Edinburgh Academy; but Il dottor Jekyll e mr. Hyde he mixed well in lively games with his cousins in summer holidays at Colinton.[16] His frequent illnesses often kept him away from his first school, so he was taught for long stretches by private tutors. He was a late reader, learning at age 7 or 8, but even before this Il dottor Jekyll e mr. Hyde he dictated stories to his mother and nurse,[17] and he compulsively wrote stories throughout his childhood. His father was proud of this interest; he had also written stories in his spare time until his own father found them and told him to "give up such nonsense and mind your business."[5] Il dottor Jekyll e mr. Hyde He paid for the printing of Robert's first publication at 16, entitled The Pentland Rising: A Page of History, 1666. It was an account of the Covenanters' rebellion which was published in 1866, the 200th anniversary of the event.[18]


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