Iron Man 1996
Angelique Syria
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Background: Up to 25% of adolescent girls in the USA are iron deficient. This double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial assessed the effects of iron supplementation on cognitive function in adolescent girls with non-anaemic iron deficiency.
Methods: 716 girls who enrolled at four Baltimore high schools were screened for non-anaemic iron deficiency (serum ferritin < or = 12 micrograms/L with normal haemoglobin). 98 (13.7%) girls had non-anaemic iron deficiency of whom 81 were enrolled in the trial. Participants were randomly assigned oral ferrous sulphate (650 mg twice daily) or placebo for 8 weeks. The effect of iron treatment was assessed by questionnaires and haematological and cognitive tests, which were done before treatment started and repeated after the intervention. We used four tests of attention and memory to measure cognitive functioning. Intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses were done.
Findings: Of the 81 enrolled girls with non-anaemic iron deficiency, 78 (96%) completed the study (39 in each group). Five girls (three control, two treatment) developed anaemia during the intervention and were excluded from the analyses. Thus, 73 girls were included in the per-protocol analysis. Ethnic distribution, mean age, serum ferritin concentrations, haemoglobin concentrations, and cognitive test scores of the groups did not differ significantly at baseline. Postintervention haematological measures of iron status were significantly improved in the treatment group (serum ferritin 27.3 vs 12.1 micrograms/L, p < 0.001). Regression analysis showed that girls who received iron performed better on a test of verbal learning and memory than girls in the control group (p < 0.02).
The iron storage protein, ferritin, plays a key role in iron metabolism. Its ability to sequester the element gives ferritin the dual functions of iron detoxification and iron reserve. The importance of these functions is emphasised by ferritin's ubiquitous distribution among living species. Ferritin's three-dimensional structure is highly conserved. All ferritins have 24 protein subunits arranged in 432 symmetry to give a hollow shell with an 80 A diameter cavity capable of storing up to 4500 Fe(III) atoms as an inorganic complex. Subunits are folded as 4-helix bundles each having a fifth short helix at roughly 60 degrees to the bundle axis. Structural features of ferritins from humans, horse, bullfrog and bacteria are described: all have essentially the same architecture in spite of large variations in primary structure (amino acid sequence identities can be as low as 14%) and the presence in some bacterial ferritins of haem groups. Ferritin molecules isolated from vertebrates are composed of two types of subunit (H and L), whereas those from plants and bacteria contain only H-type chains, where 'H-type' is associated with the presence of centres catalysing the oxidation of two Fe(II) atoms. The similarity between the dinuclear iron centres of ferritin H-chains and those of ribonucleotide reductase and other proteins suggests a possible wider evolutionary linkage. A great deal of research effort is now concentrated on two aspects of ferritin: its functional mechanisms and its regulation. These form the major part of the review. Steps in iron storage within ferritin molecules consist of Fe(II) oxidation, Fe(III) migration and the nucleation and growth of the iron core mineral. H-chains are important for Fe(II) oxidation and L-chains assist in core formation. Iron mobilisation, relevant to ferritin's role as iron reserve, is also discussed. Translational regulation of mammalian ferritin synthesis in response to iron and the apparent links between iron and citrate metabolism through a single molecule with dual function are described. The molecule, when binding a [4Fe-4S] cluster, is a functioning (cytoplasmic) aconitase. When cellular iron is low, loss of the [4Fe-4S] cluster allows the molecule to bind to the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of the ferritin m-RNA and thus to repress translation. In this form it is known as the iron regulatory protein (IRP) and the stem-loop RNA structure to which it binds is the iron regulatory element (IRE). IREs are found in the 3'-UTR of the transferrin receptor and in the 5'-UTR of erythroid aminolaevulinic acid synthase, enabling tight co-ordination between cellular iron uptake and the synthesis of ferritin and haem. Degradation of ferritin could potentially lead to an increase in toxicity due to uncontrolled release of iron. Degradation within membrane-encapsulated "secondary lysosomes' may avoid this problem and this seems to be the origin of another form of storage iron known as haemosiderin. However, in certain pathological states, massive deposits of "haemosiderin' are found which do not arise directly from ferritin breakdown. Understanding the numerous inter-relationships between the various intracellular iron complexes presents a major challenge.
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The seeding of an expanse of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean with low concentrations of dissolved iron triggered a massive phytoplankton bloom which consumed large quantities of carbon dioxide and nitrate that these microscopic plants cannot fully utilize under natural conditions. These and other observations provide unequivocal support for the hypothesis that phytoplankton growth in this oceanic region is limited by iron bioavailability.
I've been a once-a-month golfer for about a year now and am looking to get serious about improving my game. I'm truthfully not sure of my handicap (have just started religiously trying to track) but generally come in with a score around 95 playing on various courses around Atlanta.
Right now I use an old set of Callaway Big Bertha Irons (1996?) like the ones seen here. They were a hand-me-down gift about 8 years ago from a family member who is serious golfer so I assume they are at least decent clubs for their time. But I also assume that the technology has improved enough that there will be a noticeable improvement with modern clubs? Just want to confirm.
I've been doing as much research as possible from various forums and it sounds like both the Titleist AP1 714 and Taylormade SLDR are very respectable irons. I plan to head to Golfsmith on Friday to test out clubs (hopefully these are there), but have never really been to a shop before so I'm not sure what to expect. Should I expect the sales people to push newer/more expensive clubs on me? Are these really my best option?
I like the fact that I can find a set of these two clubs for around $400 (I'm ok with having used AP1s). Would these clubs be a good fit for a beginner/intermediate to grow with? I want to purchase a set that will last for a long time. I'm happy to pay more or less if it's worth the cost difference as I am very set on becoming a good golfer (and luckily have the financial means).
I highly doubt that you will notice a marked improvement with newer irons. They will be longer and launch higher, but that has as much to do with stronger lofts and longer shafts that newer irons play at. Your old 5 iron maybe no longer than a new 7 iron. While this sounds like a wonderful gain at first blush, total distance is not necessarily what you're after with a quality iron, it is distance [b]control[/b].
If you're set on purchasing a new set of irons, either of the two you mentioned would be fine performers, just don't expect miracles. A poor swing will net a poor result no matter what you are using just as a good swing will net a good result, so the suggestion of lessons isn't a bad way to proceed initially until you figure out exactly what you want from an iron.
This season I have been playing 30+ year old irons almost exclusively even though I have new last year irons sitting in a back-up bag. There are some advantages to the older designs and whatever gains I maybe giving up by playing vintage hasn't really impacted my score card.
[quote name='cloudy_cloud' timestamp='1436328541' post='11908122']
New member, so I apologize if this thread is in the wrong place.
I've been a once-a-month golfer for about a year now and am looking to get serious about improving my game. I'm truthfully not sure of my handicap (have just started religiously trying to track) but generally come in with a score around 95 playing on various courses around Atlanta.
Right now I use an old set of Callaway Big Bertha Irons (1996?) like the ones seen [url=" _frameset.html?callaway.htmlarchives"]here[/url]. They were a hand-me-down gift about 8 years ago from a family member who is serious golfer so I assume they are at least decent clubs for their time. But I also assume that the technology has improved enough that there will be a noticeable improvement with modern clubs? Just want to confirm.
I've been doing as much research as possible from various forums and it sounds like both the [url=" -productid/614714/TITLEIST-MENS-AP1-714-IRONS-RH-USED"]Titleist AP1 714[/url] and [url=" -made-golf-sldr-irons-steel.html"]Taylormade SLDR[/url] are very respectable irons. I plan to head to Golfsmith on Friday to test out clubs (hopefully these are there), but have never really been to a shop before so I'm not sure what to expect. Should I expect the sales people to push newer/more expensive clubs on me? Are these really my best option?
I like the fact that I can find a set of these two clubs for around $400 (I'm ok with having used AP1s). Would these clubs be a good fit for a beginner/intermediate to grow with? I want to purchase a set that will last for a long time. I'm happy to pay more or less if it's worth the cost difference as I am very set on becoming a good golfer (and luckily have the financial means).
Thanks.
[/quote]
2nd the "get lessons" responses. That said, do yourself a favor and try PING. I have no idea why but they were not on any list of mine. I would go to demo days and not touch their clubs. That said, now they make up most of my bag and they are the first demo tent I hit. TM, not so much.