Re: The Hunt - Rebuilt Activation Code And Serial Key
Hilke Mcnally
The award-winning Indiana DNR apps are back and better than ever. Launched May 31, 2023, both iOS and Android apps have been rebuilt from the ground up using a new platform that will offer future services. This version contains faster-loading maps, links to important recreation information on the DNR website, and notifications. It is also tablet-friendly.
Portions of the app still require internet access to ensure the information you obtain is the most current and accurate. Future off-line capabilities are in development. Also on the roadmap is the ability to report issues when you visit select DNR properties.
Whether you are just visiting, hunting, fishing or staying at a campground or state park inn, we hope you will find this portable guide to DNR properties and services useful. Please send questions or suggestions to dnrweb...@dnr.IN.gov. Don't forget to leave a review on the app stores.
NOTE: The previous apps will not automatically update to the new version. Use the links and/or scan QR codes below to download new versions. Alternatively, search for "Indiana DNR." Previous app versions have been removed from the Apple and Google app stores.
The Indiana DNR app can inform you of important information if you are at a DNR property. Such information may include closures, weather alerts, programing, and changes in services. We limit the number of notifications to only the most important information. Push notifications are strictly optional. To receive alerts based on your location, we recommend the following system settings for the Indiana DNR app. Make sure you select the most current version of the app, which has a DNR logo on the icon. This feature is still under testing instructions and features may change. Do not rely on the Indiana DNR app for weather alerts.
I run a workshop titled Hack Yourself First in which people usually responsible for building web apps get to try their hand at breaking them. As it turns out, breaking websites is a heap of fun (with the obvious caveats) and people really get into the exercises. The first one that starts to push people into territory that's usually unfamiliar to builders is the module on XSS. In that module, we cover reflected XSS which relies on the premise of untrusted data in the request being reflected back in the response. For example, if we take the sample vulnerable site I use in the exercises and search for "foobar", we see the following:
Then you can see it reflected in the page itself both in the search box and in the heading. The objective of this particular exercise is for the participants to steal the victim's auth cookie by constructing an XSS attack within the query string parameter. The first thing that everybody tries is something similar to this: =alert(0)
That's pretty much XSS 101 - just get an alert box to fire - and reflecting a script tag is one of the most fundamental techniques attackers use to run their script on your website. Now in this particular case you'll note that this pattern gets rejected by the website because there's some very rudimentary filtering (the "
Let's move onto content security policies and per that link, I've been playing with CSPs for a couple of years now. My involvement has really ramped up in recent times though, especially with my announcement a couple of weeks ago about joining Report URI. This is the first of what will be many subsequent blog posts that talk about how browsers can defend against precisely the sort of attack I just demonstrated and how Report URI plays a role in giving you visibility into this style of attack.
What this will do is only allow the browser to load content served from the same site as the page returning this header. No external videos embedded from YouTube, no JavaScript libraries off your favourite CDN and no analytics or tracking from Google. Also, no script blocks. None. Nada. What that means is that if we take a site like Have I Been Pwned (HIBP) and apply that CSP, this block in the source code simply won't run:
It won't run because it could be malicious. Now you and I can look at this and recognise that it's simply Google Analytics' standard script, but how does the browser know that? I mean how can it make a judgement call between good script and bad script? It hasn't come in as untrusted data in the request so the browser's native XSS defence can't fire (incidentally, that feature is disabled on the Hack Yourself First site courtesy of the "X-XSS-Protection: 0" header), but there's more to XSS then just "reflected XSS" anyway. For example, try taking a look at the Bugatti Veyron page and you'll see what I mean. Miss it? That's because someone left a comment on that page which is literally this:
And now all your cookies for the site have been sent off to a totally different site. This is "persistent XSS" in that the attack is literally stored in the database. How on earth is the browser meant to know whether that script is there by design or has been embedded maliciously by an attacker? There's an easy answer - it simply can't tell the difference.
This is why a CSP turns off script blocks by default. This is an absolute polar opposite extreme to the way most websites today are running where they'll simply run any script without knowing whether it's meant to be there or not. In fact, we know empirically that it's 98% of the world's top 1 million websites that will do precisely this! So we have these two extremes which are to either run everything or run nothing. Let's talk about some middle ground.
One of the first things you'll see there is that I can solve this problem using the "unsafe-inline" keyword. This completely disables the very defence we're talking about here and by doing this, any script can run. I show people this and they frequently respond with "Whoa - isn't that dangerous?!" The irony, of course, is that this is precisely where 98% of websites are today! But again, that's at one of the extreme ends of the scale and it's really not where we want to be so let's instead focus on the next piece of that error message which talks about a hash.
And that's it - problem solved! This works because the hash of the script block will always be the same on every load so what we're effectively doing is saying "we trust this script - this exact script - and it can always run but no others can". It's simply a white list and when the browser sees that original script block it'll hash it, compare it with the CSP and then run it if it matches. So that's that problem solved, let's move onto the next one.
When I show the hash approach in my workshops, I often have people ask "but does this mean I need to recalculate the hash every single time I change the script?" Yes, it does, and I know that can get painful. It's not just the convenience factor either because there are occasions where a script block may actually be dynamic, for example on the Hack Yourself First site. Remember how when I searched for "foobar" we saw it both in the heading on the page and in the script block? Here's how it achieves the latter:
Yes, this is screwy, but welcome to the web! I see far worse on a near daily basis and arguably, there are multiple different circumstances in which you may genuinely need a script block that contains dynamic content that's potentially malicious. But that means you can't return a hash because you simply don't know what the script block will contain. Yes, you could build the whole thing up dynamically, calculate the hash then return that in the CSP and render the script block to the page but not only is that getting super messy, it doesn't help with the maintainability problem.
All of this brings us to the next feature mentioned in the original error and that's nonces. In case the term is unfamiliar, a nonce is a pseudo-random "number used once". In simple terms, rather than white listing a precise script block like the hash does, a nonce allows you to white list the entire script block regardless of what's in there. It consists of both a header and an attribute on the script tag and it looks just like this:
Note that the value in the CSP matches precisely to the value in the attribute on the script tag. (Strictly speaking, the nonce isn't actually a number, it just needs to be base64 encoded.) This works because even if an attacker manages to inject their own script tag on the page and even add a nonce attribute, they won't know what the value in the header should be so they won't match and the browser won't run the script. It gives you more flexibility than with the hash but give this example on Hack Yourself First a go and you'll see how it also leaves you at risk if there's dynamic content in the script block.
Incidentally, in case you look at HIBP and wonder why the Google Analytics inline script is using a nonce and not a hash, it's because the library I use to generate the CSP doesn't currently support hashes. But there's no dynamic content in the script block that could be potentially manipulated anyway so in this case, it doesn't pose any risk.
By design, a CSP is meant to break things. No really, that's the entire value proposition! Its very purpose is to block content which hasn't explicitly been white listed either by a host name, nonce or hash. If you screw up your CSP, things will break which is why it's essential that you actually log reports using a service like Report URI.
But stuff can also break without you doing anything wrong. For example, whilst writing this post I rebuilt a lot of the CSP for HIBP because I wanted to clean a few things up. I put it out there in "report-only" mode and monitored things for a few days which meant I'd get the violation reports but nothing would break. And then I saw this:
It turns out that there's a bug in Edge which causes it to ignore non-inline script nonces. Confused by what that means? Well you know how I used a nonce above to trust a script block? Well you can do the same thing to trust an external script by doing something like this:
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