Claire,
on Raspbian/Raspberry Pi OS, audio is routed using ALSA. ALSA permits one to set up loopback routes, which may be what you require. Even when PulseAudio is involved, loopback routes may be set up using the ALSA loopback infrastructure.
Sadly, I can't offer notes on the ALSA audio loopback facility, other than to remark that your favourite search engine is probably your friend. I recall that the facility needs a kernel module and configuration files, but memory is a little rusty, and current circumstances are conspiring against, for one reason and another.
73, HTH, Stay Safe,
Robin, G8DQX
Richard, Claire,
1) PulseAudio on Raspberry Pi OS (née Raspbian) causes grief if
one also hopes to use Bluetooth. Essentially Bluetooth audio
simply does not work when PulseAudio is running (tested with a Pi
4B), due to protocol stack issues. (Why that is so is quite
another question.)
2) For ALSA loopback, there is a short paper https://blog.getreu.net/_downloads/snd-aloop-device.pdf, from this site https://blog.getreu.net/_downloads/., which is quite detailed. Apologies for not providing the reference sooner.
3) I haven't yet had a chance to try QGRX under Ubuntu 20 on a Pi 4B, so can't usefully comment.
4) The internal architecture of the Pi 4's processor has much better support of USB, which is encouraging.
HTH, 73, Stay Safe,
Robin, G8DQX