I'm sure there is a creative way to do it. Are users entering data or otherwise doing anything to the sheet before the image is pressed? If so, then you could just use onEdit() to grab the current Row, and you already know your image column.
If not, then you're looking at browser-level stuff and capturing the POST request the page is making back to Google. I looked at what it is doing behind the scenes and it does use what looks like some kind of coordinate system to determine what part of the displayed web page (sheet) was clicked, but it is beyond me. You'd have to dig in to the actual sheet specifications and I don't think Google makes that level of detail publicly available.
If users are making selections, make it a two-step process: 1) click the checkbox on the appropriate row (gets you the row), and 2) click on image to ...[do your code]. I don't see any other way at this point.