Thanks again for your replies Adam. I finally got my app working again today and figured I'd post an update.
So the problem was in fact the domain no longer being "verified" in Google's eyes. Like I mentioned, when I originally read about some other folks running into this problem, the first thing I tried was to add the verification TXT record through GoDaddy, but despite their UI claiming the record was being added correctly, it wasn't actually saved when I reloaded their DNS UI, and so I couldn't verify that way. I ended up just moving my domain registration over to Gandi, and this morning I was able to add the TXT record there, verify the domain, and "add" the domain back in via the Google Cloud UI for my appengine app, and things started working again.
Overall this was a bummer, and I'm not sure how much SEO karma I lost from my site being down for so long. I guess I'll find out in the coming weeks.
A lot of things went wrong here, ranging from minor to major:
- Why did my domain suddenly become unverified? Given that this happened to others on the same day (see the thread I linked to from my original post), I have to assume this was either a bug or a poorly-communicated change of some sort. FWIW, in the Google Webmasters UI, it said that the domain had previously been verified by an HTML meta tag some years ago.
- It would have been helpful if the 404 Google returned gave some hint as to what was wrong. I ended up having to search these forums and find people complaining on the same date where my outage started to get a hint at the problem. If Google returned a message or an HTTP header with the 404 with the problem ("The domain name you used on this request isn't verified for this app." or something) it would have been really helpful. Even though I was pointed to this problem early on, I wasn't sure it was the issue and ended up down many other rabbit holes.
- Why wouldn't GoDaddy let me add my TXT record? (not Google's fault I'm pretty sure)
- Minor issue, but for reasons I don't understand the new UI for Google App Engine (Google Cloud Console) sometimes only showed me "Dashboard" and "Activity" in the left nav (instead of all the options, like Versions, Instances, Settings, etc..). Not sure why, but it made it harder to find certain things like the settings page.
Jonathan