I have been estimating TSS based on a couple of methods for when I ride MTB or bikes without power meters.
I used to have a Suunto HRM that output energy consumed ie, calories burnt
From this I get a measure of intensity in kJ/min - I'm kinda used to the numbers so I stuck with it.
Lately I have been using the Strava calories burnt number (after altitude "correction"), I see a close correlation with actual TSS.
I know from my power data that my FTP is around a burn of 52kJ/min, so 52kJ per minute for 60 min is 100 TSS points.
for example;
last Thursday, I rode for 101 minutes and I consumed 1067 cal according to Strava, after some units translation this gives an average intensity of 44kJ/min. Divided by 52kJ/min = 0.849 (intensity).
using the TSS formula: Intensity^2 * time(hrs) *100 = 121 the actual TSS for the ride using the powertap was 120.
I also have a graph of HR data vs calories burnt - but this is no where near as accurate (+/- 20%?) it is not a straight line and and it takes a whole lot of data crunching to build up. HR is very much your own personal data as everyone's HR data is very different and some days it can be very different to others.
- Matthew