Managing Airports An International Perspective

[Hilary Laite]

Fullyrevised and updated to consider recent developments in the industry, the sixth edition of Managing Airports: An International Perspective provides comprehensive and cutting-edge insight into the processes behind running a successful airport.

Logically structured and embellished with illustrative diagrams and tables throughout, this edition approaches management topics from a strategic and commercial perspective and provides an innovative and accessible understanding of how modern-day airports are operated. Containing a plethora of global case studies covering a range of different airports from many different parts of the world, the book maintains a balance between coverage of key principles and practice of airport management, together with thorough consideration of current and topical issues. This edition has been updated to include:

International and multidisciplinary in approach, this edition is a vital resource for students, lecturers and researchers of transport and tourism, and practitioners within the air transport industry.

Airports Council International (ACI) represents the collective interests of airports around the world to promote excellence in the aviation industry. We do this by working with governments, regional ACI members, experts, and international organizations like ICAO to develop policies, programs, and best practices that advance airport standards globally.

ACI World contributes to the safety, security, and sustainability of the global aviation industry by advancing the collective interests of airports and the communities they serve and promoting excellence in airport management and operations.

ACI World collaborates with international organizations, governments, airport members, and industry stakeholders to develop policies, programs, and best practices that advance airport interests and promote excellence in the aviation industry.

We work closely with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the Civil Air Navigation Services Organization (CANSO), the International Coordinating Council of Aerospace Industries Associations (ICCAIA), the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Economic Forum, and others to represent the voice of airports during policy development.

In the Bachelor's in aviation management degree option, students will learn from instructors who have real-world, professional experience and success in the working for airports across the country. The instructors in this degree will provide unique perspectives that allow students an insight in to the busy world of operating an airport. Classes will integrate real-world airport challenges and present students with the opportunity to not only learn about proven techniques, but also test their theories in helping to solve industry challenges.

Predictions to the future of the aviation industry show robust potential for exponential growth and job creation. With the forecast of anticipated growth, the industry still faces the need of creating more jobs and workers to fill those jobs. The Bachelor's in aviation management degree focuses specifically on industry needs and will prepare students to fill an influx of jobs and quickly climb up the career ladder. This degree is flexible because it can be used towards broader aviation industry opportunities that aren't necessarily tied to only managing airports--this degree can also potentially be used to get in with Federal Aviation Administration or other aviation leadership options.

This degree is flexible. Students have the option of learning in-person on the K-State Salina campus or online from the comforts of their own home. There are two paths available for students in this degree: students can learn for four-years OR transfer in up to two-years from an approved outside institution.

An international airport is an airport with customs and border control facilities enabling passengers to travel between countries around the world. International airports are usually larger than domestic airports, and feature longer runways and have facilities to accommodate heavier aircraft such as the Boeing 747 and the Airbus A380 commonly used for international and intercontinental travel. International airports often host domestic flights, which helps feed both passengers and cargo into international ones (and vice versa).

Buildings, operations, and management have become increasingly sophisticated since the mid-20th century, when international airports began to provide infrastructure for international civilian flights. Detailed technical standards have been developed to ensure safety and common coding systems implemented to provide global consistency. The physical structures that serve millions of individual passengers and flights are among the most complex and interconnected in the world. By the second decade of the 21st century, over 1,200 international[citation needed] airports existed with around 3.8 billion[1] international passengers as of January 2023 along with 50 million[citation needed] metric tonnes of cargo passing through them annually.

In August 1919, Hounslow Heath Aerodrome, in London, England, was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services. It was closed and supplanted by Croydon Airport in March 1920.[2][3] In the United States, Douglas Municipal Airport in Arizona became the first international airport of the Americas in 1928.[4]

The precursors to international airports were airfields or aerodromes. In the early days of international flights, infrastructure was limited, "although if engine problems arose there were plenty of places where aircraft could land".[5] Since four-engined land planes were unavailable for over-water operations to international destinations, flying boats became part of the solution. At the far end of the longest international route (which became the Kangaroo Route), on-water landing areas were found in places such as Surabaya and in the open sea off Kupang. In Sydney, Rose Bay, New South Wales, was chosen as the flying-boat landing area.[5]

International airports sometimes serve military as well as commercial purposes and their viability is also affected by technological developments. Canton Island Airport, for example, in the Phoenix Islands (Kiribati), after serving as a military airport during World War II, was used as a refuelling stop by commercial aircraft such as Qantas which stationed ground crew there in the late 1950s.[6] The advent in the early 1960s of jet aircraft such as the Boeing 707 with the range to fly non-stop between Australia or New Zealand and Hawaii, meant that a mid-Pacific stop was no longer needed and the airport was closed to regular commercial use. Other international airports, such as Kai Tak Airport in Hong Kong, have been decommissioned and replaced when they reached capacity or technological advances rendered them inadequate.[7][8]

Airports can be towered or non-towered, depending on air traffic density and available funds. Because of high capacity and busy airspace, many international airports have air traffic control located on site.

Some international airports require construction of additional infrastructure outside of the airport, such as at the Hong Kong International Airport, which included the construction of a high-speed railway and automobile expressway to connect the airport to the urban areas of Hong Kong. Construction of the expressway included the construction of two bridges (the Tsing Ma suspension bridge and Kap Shui Mun cable bridge) and the Ma Wan viaduct on Ma Wan island to connect the bridges. Each bridge carries rail and automobile traffic.[16]

International airports have commercial relationships with and provide services to airlines and passengers from around the world. Many also serve as hubs, or places where non-direct flights may land and passengers may switch planes, while others serve primarily direct point-to-point flights. This affects airport design factors, including the number and placement of terminals as well as the flow of passengers and baggage between different areas of the airport. An airport specializing in point-to-point transit can have international and domestic terminals, each in their separate building equipped with separate baggage handling facilities. In a hub airport, however, spaces and services are shared.[17]

Airport management have to take into account a wide range of factors, among which are the performance of airlines, the technical requirements of aircraft, airport-airline relationships, services for travelling customers, security and environmental impacts.[18]

International airports have extensive operations in managing flight logistics, such as air traffic control. The latter service is provided by ground-based controllers who coordinate and direct aircraft on the ground and through controlled airspace. Air traffic control also provides advisory services to aircraft in non-controlled airspace.[20]

Airports with international flights have customs and immigration facilities, which allow right of entry. These change over time but are generally designated by law.[21] However, as some countries have agreements that allow connecting flights without customs and immigrations, such facilities do not define an international airport.

The current trend of enhancing security at the cost of passenger and baggage handling efficiency at international airports is expected to continue in the future.[22][23] This places financial burden on airports, risks the flow of servicing processes, and has implications for the privacy of passengers.[17] International flights often require a higher level of physical security than do domestic airports, although in recent years, many countries have adopted the same level of security for both.

Most international airports feature a "sterile lounge", an area after security checkpoints within which passengers are free to move without further security checks. This area can have services such as duty-free shops that sell goods that have been selected and screened with safety in mind, so that purchasing and bringing them on board flights poses no security risks. In addition to employees, only processed passengers with a valid ticket are allowed inside the sterile lounge. Admittance into the sterile area is done in centralized security checkpoints in contrast to e.g. individual checkpoints at each gate. This allows for more efficient processing of passengers with fewer staff, as well as makes it possible to detect both delays and security threats well ahead of boarding.[24]

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