Text And Tests 2 Higher Level Pdf Download

[Twyla Plack]

WhenWord finishes checking the spelling and grammar and errors corrected, you can choose to display information about the reading level of the document, including readability scores according to the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level test and Flesch Reading Ease test. Understand readability scores.

This test rates text on a U.S. school grade level. For example, a score of 8.0 means that an eighth grader can understand the document. For most documents, aim for a score of approximately 7.0 to 8.0.

The results of the two tests correlate approximately inversely: a text with a comparatively high score on the Reading Ease test should have a lower score on the Grade-Level test. Rudolf Flesch devised the Reading Ease evaluation; somewhat later, he and J. Peter Kincaid developed the Grade Level evaluation for the United States Navy.

In the Flesch reading-ease test, higher scores indicate material that is easier to read; lower numbers mark passages that are more difficult to read. The formula for the Flesch reading-ease score (FRES) test is:[7]

The U.S. Department of Defense uses the reading ease test as the standard test of readability for its documents and forms.[11] Florida requires that insurance policies have a Flesch reading ease score of 45 or greater.[12][13]

The result is a number that corresponds with a U.S. grade level. The sentence, "The Australian platypus is seemingly a hybrid of a mammal and reptilian creature" is an 11.3 as it has 24 syllables and 13 words. The different weighting factors for words per sentence and syllables per word in each scoring system mean that the two schemes are not directly comparable and cannot be converted. The grade level formula emphasizes sentence length over word length. By creating one-word strings with hundreds of random characters, grade levels may be attained that are hundreds of times larger than high school completion in the United States. Due to the formula's construction, the score does not have an upper bound.

As readability formulas were developed for school books, they demonstrate weaknesses compared to directly testing usability with typical readers. They neglect between-reader differences and effects of content, layout and retrieval aids.[15]

The Flesch Kincaid Grade Level is a widely used readability formula that assesses the approximate reading grade level of a text, based on average sentence length and word complexity. It produces scores corresponding to US grade levels:

It was developed by the US Navy who worked with the Flesch Reading Ease. Previously, the Flesch Reading Ease score had to be converted via a table to translate to the reading grade level. The amended version was developed in the 1970s to make it easier to use. The Navy utilised it for their technical manuals used in training.

The Flesch Reading Ease gives a text a score between 1 and 100, with 100 being the highest readability score. Scoring between 70 to 80 is equivalent to school grade level 8. This means text should be fairly easy for the average adult to read.

Now, over 70 years later, the Flesch Reading Ease is used by marketers, research communicators and policy writers, amongst many others. All use it to help them assess the ease by which a piece of text will be understood and engaged with.

You could have a long paragraph which was one long sentence; strings of clauses connected with peppered semicolons were the norm. However, because the average length of a sentence has decreased with time, so has our attention span. We no longer have the tolerance for lengthy, meandering prose.

Both Flesch scores reflect how readable a piece of content is. The Flesch Reading Ease score is between 1 and 100, and the Flesch Kincaid Grade Level reflects the US education system. They are both calculated with the same units, but the weightings for these units are different between the two tests, resulting in different readability scores.

It's easy to estimate the difficulty of your content: simply run the text through a readability formula. The resulting number is the reading level, usually stated as a grade level that corresponds to the number of years of formal education that are required to understand the text.

Unless you're a readability expert, the differences between formulas don't matter much, so just use whatever is close at hand. When we assess a website's copy, it doesn't matter whether it computes at, say, 11.3 or 11.6. In either case, that's a high-school reading level, meaning that it's too difficult for a mainstream site but acceptable for a site targeting business professionals. (When targeting a broad consumer audience, you should write at an 8th-grade reading level.)

Readability rates the text's complexity in terms of words and grammar, but we're actually more interested in the text's difficulty in terms of reader comprehension of the content. Sad to say, no formula can measure whether users understand your site.

Both score well in readability formulas: simple words, short sentences. But whereas everybody understands what the first sentence describes, you might need a law degree to fully comprehend the implications of the second sentence.

In addition to pure literacy skills, comprehension depends on a mix of IQ, education, and background knowledge. Thus, to measure comprehension, you must test with real users from your target audience.

If users get 60% or more right on average, you can assume the text is reasonably comprehensible for the specified user profile employed to recruit test participants. There's a clear difference between readability scores and comprehension scores:

Did you get at least 9 of these right (corresponding to 60%)? If so, you can probably comprehend the full text fairly easily. If you got a lower score, that doesn't prove that you're stupid or that the text is densely written. The problem is likely to be a lack of contextual knowledge of Facebook. For example, the word "poking" is generally easy enough to understand, but its meaning in the Facebook privacy policy context is completely incomprehensible unless you're a user. (Which is okay, because any given text needs to be comprehensible only to the target audience.)

A certificate has been one of the most requested features, and we're happy to announce that a test with a printable certificate is now available! The certification test consists of 5 minutes of typing predefined source text in English. Read more..

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The doctest module searches for pieces of text that look like interactivePython sessions, and then executes those sessions to verify that they workexactly as shown. There are several common ways to use doctest:

There is also a command line shortcut for running testmod(). You caninstruct the Python interpreter to run the doctest module directly from thestandard library and pass the module name(s) on the command line:

There is also a command line shortcut for running testfile(). You caninstruct the Python interpreter to run the doctest module directly from thestandard library and pass the file name(s) on the command line:

This section examines in detail how doctest works: which docstrings it looks at,how it finds interactive examples, what execution context it uses, how ithandles exceptions, and how option flags can be used to control its behavior.This is the information that you need to know to write doctest examples; forinformation about actually running doctest on these examples, see the followingsections.

In addition, there are cases when you want tests to be part of a module but not partof the help text, which requires that the tests not be included in the docstring.Doctest looks for a module-level variable called __test__ and uses it to locate othertests. If M.__test__ exists, it must be a dict, and eachentry maps a (string) name to a function object, class object, or string.Function and class object docstrings found from M.__test__ are searched, andstrings are treated as if they were docstrings. In output, a key K inM.__test__ appears with name M.__test__.K.

The value of example.__test__["numbers"] will be treated as adocstring and all the tests inside it will be run. It isimportant to note that the value can be mapped to a function,class object, or module; if so, doctestsearches them recursively for docstrings, which are then scanned for tests.

Expected output cannot contain an all-whitespace line, since such a line istaken to signal the end of expected output. If expected output does contain ablank line, put in your doctest example each place a blank lineis expected.

All hard tab characters are expanded to spaces, using 8-column tab stops.Tabs in output generated by the tested code are not modified. Because anyhard tabs in the sample output are expanded, this means that if the codeoutput includes hard tabs, the only way the doctest can pass is if theNORMALIZE_WHITESPACE option or directiveis in effect.Alternatively, the test can be rewritten to capture the output and compare itto an expected value as part of the test. This handling of tabs in thesource was arrived at through trial and error, and has proven to be the leasterror prone way of handling them. It is possible to use a differentalgorithm for handling tabs by writing a custom DocTestParser class.

If you continue a line via backslashing in an interactive session, or for anyother reason use a backslash, you should use a raw docstring, which willpreserve your backslashes exactly as you type them:

Otherwise, the backslash will be interpreted as part of the string. For example,the \n above would be interpreted as a newline character. Alternatively, youcan double each backslash in the doctest version (and not use a raw string):

No problem, provided that the traceback is the only output produced by theexample: just paste in the traceback. [1] Since tracebacks contain detailsthat are likely to change rapidly (for example, exact file paths and linenumbers), this is one case where doctest works hard to be flexible in what itaccepts.

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