I'm afraid it's not a GfW issue: the IP-address 20.205.243.166 does indeed
belong to Microsoft, and it works for me: I'm able to connect to port 22
on it just fine (and see an SSH greeting).
What's a bit weird is that for me,
github.com resolves to a different address:
~$ host -t a
github.com
github.com has address 140.82.121.4
which *might* suggest you have some sort of override installed for this
address in your local settings - like an entry in
%system32%\drivers\etc\hosts - but it also might just be some artefact of
DNS setup for github (though I get the same result if I resolve
github.com
via the Google's public DNS server, 8.8.4.4).
All-in-all, that "Connection timed out" is a purely networking issue: your
local SSH client has tried to establish a TCP connection to
20.205.243.166:22,
and the protocol's three-way handshake failed to complete in time.