Long Term Goal Essay Mba Cavaliere Football M
Itaete Chambers
Sporting competitions have always provided entertainment for crowds. To distinguish the players from the audience, the latter are often known as spectators. Developments in stadium and auditorium design, as well as in recording and broadcast technology, have allowed off-site spectators to watch sport, with the result that the size of the audience has grown ever larger and spectator sport has become increasingly popular. Two of the most popular sports with global appeal are association football and cricket. Their ultimate international competitions, the FIFA World Cup and the Cricket World Cup, are broadcast around the world. Beyond the very large numbers involved in playing these sports, they are notable for being a major source of entertainment for many millions of non-players worldwide.[159] A comparable multi-stage, long-form sport with global appeal is the Tour de France, unusual in that it takes place outside of special stadia, being run instead in the countryside.[160]
In practice there are three things that I am aiming for an essay assignment to accomplish in a classroom. The first and probably least important is to get students to think about a specific historical topic or idea, since they (in theory) must do this in order to write about it. . . . The second goal and middle in importance is training the student in how to write essays. . . . Thus the last and most important thing I am trying to train is not the form of the essay nor its content, but the basic skills of having a thought and putting it in a box that we outlined earlier. Even if your job or hobbies do not involve formal writing, chances are (especially if your job requires a college degree) you are still expected to observe something real, make conclusions about it and then present those conclusions to someone else (boss, subordinates, co-workers, customers, etc.) in a clear way, supported by convincing evidence if challenged. What we are practicing then is how to have good thoughts, put them in good boxes and then effectively hand that box to someone else. . . .
I went to college a long time ago and people were cheating on essays then, in various ways. As I have mentioned here before, Dr. Scott Aaronson is working with OpenAI on a watermarking system by which ChatGPT output can be identified, so at least people will have to put ideas they get from it in their own words. The cheaters we will have with us always.
A few small studies of high school and collegiate football and hockey players have looked at DTI, neurocognitive test scores, and biomechanical data; these have found axonal changes but mixed neuropsychological findings (Bazarian et al., 2012; Breedlove et al., 2012; Talvage et al., 2010). Evidence for the effects of repetitive head impacts on diffuse axonal injury in humans comes largely from DTI studies that measure directionality (fractional anisotropy, or FA) and regularity (mean diffusivity, or MD) of white matter tracts. This technique showed pre-season to post-season changes in a small sample of high school athletes (n=10, 16 to 18 years old, hockey or football) relative to controls (n=5, 16 to 35 years old) following self-reported repetitive head impacts (Bazarian et al., 2012). While pre- and post-season FA and MD changes (calculated as the percentage of white matter voxels showing either a significant increase or a significant decrease) were largest in a concussed player with greater than 3 percent change, those athletes with repetitive head impacts had intermediary changes of more than 1 percent on average, while the controls had insignificant changes of less than 0.5 percent on average. These findings warrant further investigation in larger samples with same-aged comparison groups.
Together these studies suggest that boxing is associated with possible long-term cognitive decline and axonal injury. Although boxing is an extreme example of a contact sport, the neuropsychological and imaging findings from studies of boxers supplement those of athletes who play other contact sports such as football and hockey.
In 1999, Collins and colleagues compared baseline symptom totals among 179 athletes with no concussion history, 129 with one, and 78 with a history of two or more. Significant differences were found for symptoms. The researchers also noted that baseline symptom scores increased with the frequency of previous concussions. In a large sample of 184 college football players who suffered concussions, Guskiewicz and colleagues (2003) found that 30 percent of the athletes with more than three concussions took longer than 1 week for symptoms to resolve, compared to only 15 percent of those with one concussion taking more than a week to resolve.
Recently, after several highly publicized suicides by professional athletes who showed evidence of CTE, there has been growing interest in understanding the relationship between multiple concussions and suicide (Omalu et al., 2006; Reider, 2012). Though there is some indication of a relationship between number of previous concussions and risk of developing depression, very little research has evaluated the relationship between concussions and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. There are certainly theoretical reasons why individuals who have sustained concussions might be predisposed to suicidal ideation and behavior. For example, there is growing evidence that individuals who attempt suicide, particularly those who engage in high lethality attempts, show deficits in attention, working memory, and risk assessment, which overlap with the neurocognitive residua of concussions, both in the short term and, for those with longer-lasting postconcussive symptoms, in the long term as well (Bridge et al., 2012; Jollant et al., 2005; Keilp et al., 2001, 2013). Thus, the deficits associated with a concussion may lower the threshold for a person with suicidal thoughts to act on them. In addition, some of the associated symptoms of concussion, namely pain, depressive symptoms, and sleep impairment, are common antecedents of suicidal behavior (Goldstein et al., 2008; Wong et al., 2011).
In summary, the long-term effects of repeated concussions have been linked to risk for depression in retired professional football players, although suicidal ideation and behavior have not been reported in these samples (Didehbani et al., 2013; Guskiewicz et al., 2007). In both military and non-military samples, while there appears to be an increased risk for suicidal behavior and suicide associated with TBI, the increased risk has been reported to occur with injuries of greater severity than concussion in most studies (Brenner et al. 2011; Tsaudousidies et al., 2011). In military samples, depression and PTSD are strong contributors to suicidal risk in those with TBI (Brenner et al., 2011; Bryan et al., 2013), and one recent study found that TBI makes a unique contribution to the risk for suicidal ideation or behavior even after controlling for depression and PTSD (Bryan and Clemans, 2013). Prospective studies that examine changes in depression and suicidal ideation behavior pre- and post-concussion will be required to address whether there are increased risks for suicidal behavior in individuals who have suffered a sports-related concussion. Only one intervention study for suicide prevention in individuals with TBI has been reported. In a pilot study Simpson and colleagues randomly assigned 17 patients with TBI and moderate to severe hopelessness or suicidal ideation, or both, to cognitive psychotherapy or usual care, and they found significant decreases in hopelessness in the treatment group versus the usual care group (Simpson et al., 2011). Clearly more work needs to be done on identifying individuals with concussion who are at risk for suicide as well as in developing effective interventions to reduce suicidal risk.
In general there is a paucity of literature on the long-term neuropathological consequences of repeated or chronic traumatic brain injury in athletes. However, the recent interest in the effects of repeat head injury on professional athletes, many of whom began playing sports in their youth, has prompted a series of studies aimed at identifying the neuroanatomical and neuropathological substrates that underlie the behavioral outcomes in these athletes. Notwithstanding these efforts, little is known about how TBI, either in acute or chronic form, affects the developing brain at the critical periods when circuit formation and synaptic connectivity are active.
CTE is a form of brain neurodegeneration that is thought to result from the sort of repeated head injuries that occur in many contact sports (Gavett et al., 2011). Clinical features of CTE include the progressive decline of memory and cognition, depression, suicidal behavior, poor impulse control, aggressiveness, Parkinsonism, and dementia (Stern et al., 2011). The term chronic traumatic encephalopathy first emerged in two case reports that described neuropathologic changes in two National Football League (NFL) players who suffered from a wide range of neuropsychological disorders after long careers playing football in high school and college and professionally (Omalu et al., 2005, 2006). Gross neuropathological examinations in these two index cases showed no evidence of brain atrophy or fenestrations in the septum pellucidum. Microscopically, the consistent findings were the presence of tau-positive NFTs and neuropil threads, most prominently in frontal, parietal, and temporal neocortex. The results from these two studies were similar to those reported by Geddes and colleagues (1996, 1999), and they strongly suggest that tau-positive NFTs are indeed a consistent and early feature in repeated traumatic brain injury. This notion has been extended by a series of studies that have also identified tau-positive NFTs as a consistent diagnostic neuropathology feature in athletes in professional American football (Goldstein et al., 2012; McKee et al., 2009, 2013; Omalu et al., 2010).
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