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An autoloader or auto-loader is a mechanical aid or replacement for the personnel that load ammunition into crew-served weapons without being an integrated part of the gun itself. The term is generally only applied to larger weapons, such as naval weapons, tanks, and artillery; that would otherwise have a dedicated person or persons loading them.[1][2]
An autoloader extracts a shell and propellant charge from the ammunition storage rack/compartment and loads it into a magazine or belt, if the gun has one, or directly into the chamber of the gun if it does not. It often replaces a human loader. Automation can streamline and speed the loading process, resulting in a more effective design.
With a smaller crew, the vehicle can also be made smaller inside. This reduces the amount of surface area that needs to be armored, meaning the vehicle, especially the turret, can be smaller and lighter. With a lower profile, the tank is harder both to spot and to hit.
Autoloaders were developed at the beginning of World War II. Their first combat use was in "tank-buster" aircraft such as the 75 mm (3.0 in) caliber Bordkanone BK 7.5 cannon-equipped Henschel Hs 129 B-3. Every Soviet and Russian-derived tank since the T-64 main battle tank has used an autoloader. Their use has been mostly shunned by American and British tanks, despite the American T22E1 medium tank being one of the first tank designs to use an autoloader.[3]
After the middle 20th century, autoloading became common on large 76.2 mm (3.00 in) caliber or greater naval guns. The size of the shells, when combined with the more elaborate autoloading facilities available in the wider spaces of a ship, makes an autoloader much faster than human loaders. For example, the US 5"/38 Mark 12 can load about 20 rounds per minute.[4]
The advent of jet aircraft, and the rate of fire required to engage them, hastened the adoption of automatic loaders on naval artillery. Development was often problematic, and reliability was seriously compromised in many cases. The US
A modern tank autoloader for a 120 mm (4.7 in) and 125 mm (4.9 in) caliber weapon in good condition can achieve about 10-12 rounds per minute. This rating may or may not include the time required to bring the gun to the appropriate loading angle (if required) and then bringing it back up to firing angle after loading. The autoloader on the cancelled Object 640 "Black Eagle" tank was supposed to have up to 15 rounds per minute rate of fire.[8]
In addition, an artillery piece with an autoloader and powerful fire control system can use the multiple rounds simultaneous impact technique, firing several shells with varying propellant charges so all of them land on their targets simultaneously.
The most common tank autoloaders store their ammunition in the turret basket, increasing the possibility of a catastrophic explosion should the armor around the hull or turret be penetrated. More armor protection, and isolation/separation of the ammunition from the crew compartment has traditionally been available in tanks with a human loader, which can decrease the possibility of cook-off, or protect the crew in case of an ammunition explosion. For example, the M1 Abrams was designed to protect the crew from cooking off, which is accomplished by storing the main gun ammunition in a compartment at the rear of the turret. The compartment is separated from the crew by a power-operated armored door, which is only opened for a couple of seconds each time the loader needs to grab another round. The roof of the compartment has blowout panels, are armored against outside attack but much less resistant to pressure from inside, so that if the compartment is penetrated by enemy fire the panels will open, venting the explosion generated by the ammunition and protect the crew while keeping the tank in one piece. Other western designs from the later Cold War era to the present with manual loading have similar protective features. In contrast, the Soviet tanks of the Cold War which employ autoloaders store the ammunition on a carousel in the middle of the crew compartment, where any penetration by enemy fire is likely to incinerate the crew and blow the turret right off the top of the tank (known as the jack-in-the-box effect).[9] This is made worse by the fact that autoloader holds only a limited number of rounds, while the remaining ammunition is stored around the crew compartment. Result is that even if the carousel itself is not hit, ammunition stored around the tank may still ignite due to a penetrating hit, and thus set off the ammunition in the carousel.[10]
Autoloaders are often implemented in an attempt to reduce tank size and profile. The Stridsvagn 103 and T-64 are examples of this, both being significantly lower in profile than contemporaries with manually loaded guns and a fourth loader crewmember.
The replacement of the loader and gunner with a commander and driver could allow crewmembers to rotate shifts. This would enable continuous operations on the battlefield.[11] Though in some retrofit cases (Abrams tank for example) there is nothing in the fitting of an autoloader that requires the removal of the loader. In such situations the autoloader frees up the fourth crew-member to support the other three full-time, instead of just part-time when they are not doing their main job.[citation needed]
The disadvantage of the need to keep most of the ammunition close to the autoloader can be actually turned into an advantage by using an unmanned turret design with a crew capsule. In this case, all the necessary ammunition can be kept in direct access to the autoloader, without affecting the safety of the crew, because the crew compartment is completely separate from the autoloader and ammunition. Modern examples of this design are the Russian T-14 "Armata" MBT and the Polish PL-01 light tank.
I feel like I am going crazy with this. I have tested a data pipeline on my standard compute cluster. I am loading new files as batch from a Google Cloud Storage bucket. Autoloader works exactly as expected from my notebook on my compute cluster. Then, I simply used this notebook as a first task in a workflow using a new job cluster. In order to test this pipeline as a workflow I first removed all checkpoint files and directories before starting the run using this command.
Still no progress on this. I want to confirm that my cluster configurations are identical in my notebook running on my general purpose compute cluster and my job cluster. Also I am using the same GCP service account. On my compute cluster autoloader works exactly as expected. Here is the code being used for autoloader (this works on compute cluster).
However, when I run this exact same code (from the same notebook) as a job autoloader stops the stream (it seems at .writeStream) and i simply see "stream stopped" with no real clue as to why, as seen below.
If I run the notebook outside of workflows I see the commits folder gets populated, and if i remove the dbutils.fs.rm(checkpoint_path, True) command autoloader correctly does not write new files until new files are available in the source bucket.
Regardless of where Acorn is installed, you must run composer install in the theme folder in order to build the autoloader, which is used to load parts of Sage even if no composer packages are installed there.
To start using Composer in your project, all you need is a composer.jsonfile. This file describes the dependencies of your project and may containother metadata as well. It typically should go in the top-most directory ofyour project/VCS repository. You can technically run Composer anywhere butif you want to publish a package to Packagist.org, it will have to be ableto find the file at the top of your VCS repository.
Composer uses this information to search for the right set of files in package"repositories" that you register using the repositorieskey, or in Packagist.org, the default package repository.In the above example, since no other repository has been registered in thecomposer.json file, it is assumed that the monolog/monolog package is registeredon Packagist.org. (Read more about Packagist, andabout repositories).
The package name consists of a vendor name and the project's name. Often thesewill be identical - the vendor name only exists to prevent naming clashes. Forexample, it would allow two different people to create a library named json.One might be named igorw/json while the other might be seldaek/json.
Read more about publishing packages and package naming.(Note that you can also specify "platform packages" as dependencies, allowingyou to require certain versions of server software. Seeplatform packages below.)
In our example, we are requesting the Monolog package with the version constraint2.0.*.This means any version in the 2.0 development branch, or any version that isgreater than or equal to 2.0 and less than 2.1 (>=2.0
How does Composer download the right files? When you specify a dependency incomposer.json, Composer first takes the name of the package that you have requestedand searches for it in any repositories that you have registered using therepositories key. If you have not registeredany extra repositories, or it does not find a package with that name in therepositories you have specified, it falls back to Packagist.org (more below).
When Composer finds the right package, either in Packagist.org or in a repo you have specified,it then uses the versioning features of the package's VCS (i.e., branches and tags)to attempt to find the best match for the version constraint you have specified. Be sure to readabout versions and package resolution in the versions article.
Note: If you are trying to require a package but Composer throws an errorregarding package stability, the version you have specified may not meet yourdefault minimum stability requirements. By default, only stable releases are takeninto consideration when searching for valid package versions in your VCS.
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