Sukrat History In Urdu Pdf Download
Tommye Hope
Other ancient authors who wrote about Socrates were Aeschines of Sphettus, Antisthenes, Aristippus, Bryson, Cebes, Crito, Euclid of Megara, Phaedo and Aristotle, all of whom wrote after Socrates's death.[26] Aristotle was not a contemporary of Socrates; he studied under Plato at the latter's Academy for twenty years.[27] Aristotle treats Socrates without the bias of Xenophon and Plato, who had an emotional tie with Socrates, and he scrutinizes Socrates's doctrines as a philosopher.[28] Aristotle was familiar with the various written and unwritten stories of Socrates.[29] His role in understanding Socrates is limited. He does not write extensively on Socrates; and, when he does, he is mainly preoccupied with the early dialogues of Plato.[30] There are also general doubts on his reliability on the history of philosophy.[31] Still, his testimony is vital in understanding Socrates.[32]
In the 18th century, German idealism revived philosophical interest in Socrates, mainly through Hegel's work. For Hegel, Socrates marked a turning point in the history of humankind by the introduction of the principle of free subjectivity or self-determination. While Hegel hails Socrates for his contribution, he nonetheless justifies the Athenian court, for Socrates's insistence upon self-determination would be destructive of the Sittlichkeit (a Hegelian term signifying the way of life as shaped by the institutions and laws of the State).[198] Also, Hegel sees the Socratic use of rationalism as a continuation of Protagoras' focus on human reasoning (as encapsulated in the motto homo mensura: "man is the measure of all things"), but modified: it is our reasoning that can help us reach objective conclusions about reality.[199] Also, Hegel considered Socrates as a predecessor of later ancient skeptic philosophers, even though he never clearly explained why.[200]
Munshi Rahman Ali Tayesh (1823-1908), who came of an aristocratic family of Dhaka, was an Urdu poet and historian. His first work, Gulzar-e-Nat (1880), published from Nizamee Press at Kanpur, was an anthology of Urdu and Persian natiakasida (panegyric poems in monorhyme). He also wrote Urdu poems which were collected in Dewan-e-Tayesh. This collection is, however, no longer extant. Rahman Ali is better known as a historian. In his Tawarikh-e-Dhaka (1910), he offered a brief history of Bengal and gave an account of the geographical, archaeological, political and cultural conditions of Dhaka prevailing in the 19th century. syed muhammad azad (1850-1916), born in the zamindar family of Mir Ashraf Ali of Dhaka, was a high official in government. Nawab Abdul Latif was his father-in-law and Sher-e-Bangla AK Fazlul Huq his son-in-law. He was the first Bengali to write plays in Urdu, among them Nawabi Darbar and Nawabi Khel. He also wrote Urdu articles. He wrote an autobiography, Moulana Azad, as well as a compilation of essays, Kheyalat-e-Azad. Contemporary social and political problems constitute the themes of his writings. Ahmed Hossain Wafi (d 1940) was a teacher at Dhaka Mohsinia Madrassah. He wrote plays as well as poems in Urdu. Among his plays, mention may be made of Bimar-e-Bulbul (1880).
hakim habibur rahman (1881-1947) is remembered for his outstanding contribution to Urdu literature and journalism. He was educated at Dhaka Madrassah and spent eleven years at Kanpur, Lucknow, Delhi and Agra studying tibb(eastern) medicine. The title of Shefaul Mulk was conferred on him in recognition of his expertise as a hakim. He wrote books on literature, history and medicine and gave Urdu the status of a language of research and scholarship. Alfarik (1904), Hayat-e-Sukrat (1904), Asud Nag-e-Dhaka (1946), Dhaka Pachash-Baras-Pehle (1949), Salasa Gassalah, Tazkiratul-Fujala and Masajid-e-Dhaka are among his prominent writings. Hayat-e-Sukrat is a biography of Socrates. Asud-Nag-e-Dhaka describes the famous mazars of Dhaka. Dhaka Pachas Baras Pehle narrates the history of Dhaka during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Salasa Ghassalah is an introductory bibliography on authors and their writings in Urdu, Persian and Arabic. Hakim Habibur Rahman edited two monthly Urdu magazines: Al Mashriq (1906) and Jadu (1923). He introduced Urdu journalism in East Bengal and Assam. He was the founder secretary of an organisation named Avjuman-e-Urdu in East Bengal and Assam, the aim of which was to provide a forum for the cultivation of Urdu. In short, Hakim Habibur Rahman played a multidimensional role in the development of Urdu language in the country.
Syed Sharfuddin Sharf Al-Hossaini of Dhaka (1876-1960) was a poet. His book of poems was published under the title of Gulistan-e-Sharf (1937). Another manuscript of poems, Dabisthan-e-Sharf, remains unpublished. The Khwaja Nawab family of Dhaka played a vital role in the history of Urdu-Persian literature in Bengal. khwaja haider jan shayek, Khwaja Asaduddin Kawkab, Khwaja Abdur Rahim Saba, Khwaja Ahsanullah Shaheen, Khwaja Atiqullah Sayeda, khwaja muhammad afzal and Khwaja Nazimuddin among others cultivated Urdu and Persian literature in the 19th and 20th centuries. Khwaja Muhammad Azam wrote Islami Pavchayet Dhaka (1911) in Urdu. His son, Khwaja Muhammad Adel, co-edited Jadu, a monthly journal with Hakim Habibur Rahman. Khwaja Abdur Rahim Saba (d 1871) wrote Urdu poems. His manuscript, Daste Saba is preserved in the Dhaka University Library.
Khwaja Ahsanullah Shaheen, (1845-1901) Nawab of Dhaka, wrote Urdu poems that have been collected in Kulliat-e-Shaheen. He also wrote a history of his family, Tawarikh-e-Khandan-e-Kashmirian, which is, however, still accessible only in manuscript form. Ahsanullah Shaheen was also a composer and lyricist and composed many thungri songs. Ahsanul Kasas (15 February 1884), an Urdu weekly magazine of Dhaka, was both inspired and assisted financially by him. Poet Syed Mahmud Azad was the mentor of Khaja Muhammad Afzal, grandson of Nawab Abdul Ghani and son of Nawab Khwaja Yusuf Khan Bahadur. Afzal wrote ghazals in both Urdu and Persian.
About the author: Julian M. Dutra is a Brazilian philosophy teacher from the Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS). His primary interest is in the fields of epistemology and ethics. His main academic interest is in the field of ethics of belief, where he can work at the intersection of his favored philosophical fields. He is also interested in topics from virtue ethics, logic, education, history and philosophy of science, metaphilosophy, and political philosophy.
a71949beef