Quran In Arabic With English Letters
Janise Knollman
Arabic shares this linguistic feature with other Semiticlanguages such as Hebrew, which has seven different verb forms. Thebasic rule of derivation in Quranic Arabic is that nearly all words arederived from a three root (triliteral) or a four root(quadriliteral) pattern system. The Arabic letters fā ʿayn lām(ف ع ل) are typically used asplaceholders in verb patterns to denote three different radicalletters, since فَعَلَ is aprototypical verb that means "to do" or "to act".This is denoted by F-3-L in figure 1 below.Roots in Arabicconvey a basic meaning which then allow for more complex semanticconcepts to be derived, whether these are verbs or nouns. Based on thissystem nouns and verbs can have up to fourteen to fifteen forms,although though ten is the norm for most roots.
For example, take the three root concept of D-R-S which givesthe basic meaning of "to study". By adding letters to the three roottemplate (before, in between or after the radicals in the stem) othermore complex meanings are formed such as "school", "teacher", "lesson" oreven "legislation". In figure 2 below the x's are the extra lettersthat can be added to the original 3 root letters. These additional letters do not have toall added at the same time. Notice that the root is still present in the template and hasnot changed. In some forms, the root letters are doubled, and in other forms vowels may beadded or elongated.
Using derivation system of roots and patterns, nouns (singular, dual, plural),and verbs (singular, dual, plural, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person,imperatives and verbal nouns) are derived in an almost mathematicalway, leaving little room for confusion as to the desired meaning of theword. Of course the ideal model of this derivation is the Quran, and asyou look through the Quran you will see these in play. In the remainder of this section,examples are quoted from the Quran, so that it becomes easy to see theforms. These derived forms allow for the language to reflect the stateof how a particular action (i.e. a verb) was performed. The derived forms evenindiciate how many individuals participated in the action, and if itwas reciprocal or not.
To illustrate the idea of derived forms, the examples below use athree letter root (although not all roots feature in all verb forms)and lists the first ten standard forms (I to X). When annotating Arabicverb forms, the convention in the Quranic Arabic Corpus is to use Romannumerals, e.g. IX denotes a form nine verb or noun. In the examples below,root letters are capitalized and their meanings are shown in brackets.The first column in the table below specifies the template used in thederivation, as found in standard referencesof traditional Quranic Arabic grammar.Letters shown in capitals denote a radical that is part of the originalroot used in the derived verb form. Example words are taken from the Quran.You can click on an Quranic word below to see details of the verse incontext.
In the second example, the verb is causative, so that he made himself"want to harm".In the third example, he was not of the losers before this action of killing,but now was transformed into that state.Example 1:
In the first example on the right,DH-a-KK-a-R-a"to remind"is form II, and now in form V it is from the point of view of theobject, i.e. "he received the reminder".In the second example, the verb here ist-a-GH-a-YY-a-R-a"to undergo change", so these rivers in paradise do not undergo any change ofstate or taste even if ones tries to do that (in relation to form II:GH-a-YY-a-R-a"to cause to change").Example 1:
Quadriliteral verb forms have four radical root letters.These are much rarer than triliterals.In Arabic grammar, quadriliteral verbs have four standard forms, I to IV. The table below illustrates examplequadriliteral verbs from the Quran.
Phonetics is one of the first steps towards the clear pronunciation of Arabic for new learners. It is a temporary solution to begin to advance towards the pronunciation of the Quran in Arabic. The English Quran offers you to read the Word of Allah, to Him Purity and Glory, through phonetics as well as many innovative features developed to help you in your reading and learning journey.
Thanks to this system of reproducing Arabic sounds with Latin letters, you will find the pleasure of getting closer to the pronunciation of Quran verses in Arabic. Using phonetics to read and hear the Quran in Arabic is an important and significant step for every faithful beginner who can sometimes be tested with difficulties throughout his path of learning the Book of Allah, as well as anyone interested in the Quran from a perspective outside the practice of Islam! Thanks to phonetics which is very easy to use, you will be able to pronounce the verses of the selected surah on your own. You will be supported by the voice of an Arabic-speaking reciter who will serve as a guide during your reading, so that your pronunciation of the Quran in phonetics is as fluid as possible and as faithful to the true pronunciation, until you begin a next step in your discovery of the Book of Allah: learning to read in Arabic and taste the subtlety of the original language of the Quran, not so easy to translate into English.
Everything in its own time, each at its own pace. The essential thing is to seek the satisfaction of Allah in all our actions, however small, that one does, and to be full of gratitude for the journey made towards him.
He has granted you everything you have asked of him. And if you counted the blessings of Allah, you would not be able to count them. The man is very unfair, very ungrateful. Surah 14 Verse 34
We believe that Quran in phonetics online can be the key to anyone who does not know how to read Arabic yet. And the more you will move forward in your reading, understanding and learning journey, the more you will see your motivation and desire to learn about Islam in the language of revelation strengthened.
May Allah, El Wadoud, The Affectionate, El Hakim, The Wise, accept our efforts to learn to know Him, and our will to move towards Him step by step. May He make us among his sincere servants who take the Quran, His Word, as their guide in life, and for the sole purpose of worshipping Him without anything associated with Him.
Ameen
The mysterious letters[1] (muqaṭṭaʿāt, Arabic: حُرُوف مُقَطَّعَات ḥurūf muqaṭṭaʿāt, "disjoined letters" or "disconnected letters"[2]) are combinations of between one and five Arabic letters that appear at the beginning of 29 out of the 114 chapters (surahs) of the Quran just after the Bismillāh Islamic phrase.[3] The letters are also known as fawātiḥ (فَوَاتِح) or "openers" as they form the opening verse of their respective surahs.[4]
The original significance of the letters is unknown. Tafsir (exegesis) has interpreted them as abbreviations for either names or qualities of God or for the names or content of the respective surahs. The general belief of most Muslims is that their meaning is known only to Allah.
Lām and Mīm are conjoined and both are written with prolongation mark.One letter is written in two styles.[8][9] Letter 20:01 is used only in the beginning and middle of a word and that in 19:01 is not used as such. Alif Lām Mīm (الم) is also the first verse of Surah Al-Baqara,[10] Surah Al-Imran,[11] Surah Al-Ankabut,[12] Surah Ar-Rum,[13] Surah Luqman,[14] and Surah As-Sajda.[15]
Abd Allah ibn Abbas and Abdullah ibn Masud, as cited by Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati in his Bahr al-Muhit, are said to have favored the view that these letters stand for words or phrases related to God and His Attributes.
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, a classical commentator of the Qur'an, has noted some twenty opinions regarding these letters and mentions multiple opinions that these letters present the names of the Surahs as appointed by God. In addition, he mentions that Arabs would name things after such letters (for example, 'eye' as 'ع', clouds as 'غ', and whale as 'ن').[16][17] Amin Ahsan Islahi[year needed] supported al-Razi's opinion, arguing that since these letters are names for Surahs, they are proper nouns. Hamiduddin Farahi similarly attaches symbolic meanings to the letters, e.g. Nun (ن) symbolizing "fish" identifying the sura dedicated to Jonah, or Ta (ط) representing "serpent" introducing suras that mention the story of Prophet Moses and serpents.[18]
Theodor Nldeke (1860) advanced the theory that the letters were marks of possession, belonging to the owners of Qur'anic copies used in the first collection by Zayd ibn Thābit during the reign of the Caliph 'Uthmān. According to Nldeke, the letters ultimately entered the final version of the Qur'an due to carelessness. It was also possible that the letters were monograms of the owners. Nldeke later revised this theory, responding to Otto Loth's (1881) suggestion that the letters had a distinct connection with the mystic figures and symbols of the Jewish Kabbalah. Nldeke in turn concluded that the letters were a mystical reference to the archetypal text in heaven that was the basis for the revelation of the Qur'an.[20] However, persuaded by Nldeke's original theory, Hartwig Hirschfeld (1902) offered a list of likely names corresponding to the letters.[21] Keith Massey (1996), noting the apparent set ranking of the letters and mathematical improbability that they were either random or referred to words or phrases, argued for some form of the Nldeke-Hirschfeld theory that the "Mystery Letters" were the initials or monograms of the scribes who originally transcribed the sūras. Though, Massey explains that "the letters, which appear alone (qaf, nun), may not have the same purpose as the collection themselves", he furthermore admits that the "Mystery Letters" in Surah 42 violate his proposed ranking-theory,[22] thus offering 2 possible scenarios for his theory.[22]
The Hebrew Theory[23] assumes that the letters represent an import from Biblical Hebrew. Specifically, the combination Alif-Lam would correspond to Hebrew El "god".Abbreviations from Aramaic or Greek have also been suggested.
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