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TOP 10 SRM UPDATES FROM OCTOBER 2025
STARDUST RAISES $60 MILLION TO BUILD A SOLAR-REFLECTING SYSTEM BY 2030
Stardust, a US–Israeli startup, has raised $60M in a Series B round, bringing total funding to $75M, the largest venture investment to date for a company pursuing SRM. Backed by Lowercarbon Capital, Exor, and other US, UK, German, and Dutch investors, the funding will enable the firm to conduct “controlled outdoor experiments” as soon as April 2026, releasing proprietary reflective particles from aircraft flying about 11 miles (18 km) above sea level to evaluate cooling potential. The company aims to develop the capability to deploy SAI by the end of the decade, pursuing government contracts. The company has also quietly been lobbying Congress for months, hiring Holland & Knight in early 2025, a disclosure initially missed due to a “clerical error,” according to the firm.
INTERNATIONAL POSITIONS HARDEN ON SOLAR GEOENGINEERING
US Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. plans to investigate geoengineering and weather modification, with an internal memo indicating a federal task force may be formed to recommend actions. Florida airports have begun reporting flights that may involve banned “weather-modification or geoengineering equipment” under a new state law. Meanwhile, Wyoming lawmakers advanced a bill to ban “unauthorized atmospheric geoengineering” amid chemtrail claims, despite scientific bodies rejecting them. Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene has also claimed the ongoing government shutdown halted “taxpayer-funded weather modification experiments,” which agencies say they were not conducting.
In Europe, Germany reaffirmed its rejection of solar radiation management as a climate policy option due to associated risks and uncertainties. In Africa, Ghanaian youth are urging regional leadership on climate justice and a global non-use agreement on solar geoengineering.
AI-DRIVEN SATELLITES TO REGULATE EARTH’S SUNLIGHT
Elon Musk has proposed on X a solar-powered AI satellite constellation designed to regulate Earth’s solar energy intake and mitigate global warming. The concept resembles geoengineering ideas like orbital sunshades to offset 1–2 °C of warming. However, the idea has sparked debate, with critics questioning AI control over sunlight, warning of ethical and governance risks, potential regional climate impacts, and concerns over centralized climate intervention. Meanwhile, a Wood Mackenzie report also warns Al’s rise could accelerate warming, projecting a 2.6°C rise by 2100.
CLIMATE EXPERTS EXPECT SRM DEPLOYMENT ATTEMPTS BY 2100
New Scientist invited nearly 800 researchers to take part in an anonymous online survey on solar radiation modification, all of whom contributed to the most recent IPCC Assessment Report. A total of 120 responded. Among them, 66% (nearly two-thirds) expect attempts to dim the Sun via SRM by 2100 if emissions continue, while only 9% are confident it won’t occur. Just over 20% say SRM should be considered beyond 2°C of warming, though more than half see no acceptable threshold.
Nearly half support small outdoor experiments, while one-third oppose them, with some avoiding geoengineering research to protect professional reputation. Around 81% call for a new global treaty to govern large-scale deployment decisions, and 52% fear unilateral deployment by private companies, billionaires, or nation states without global oversight.
REFLECTIVE AWARDS GRANTS FOR SAI RESEARCH
The nonprofit Reflective has awarded eight research grants under its RFP “Impacts and Trade-offs of Simulated High-Latitude/Low-Altitude SAI Deployment.” The projects will advance study of SAI near the poles and at lower, more practical altitudes, evaluating feasibility, deployment risks, and potential impacts on health, ecosystems, and food systems. The grantees span four continents, with 30% based in the Global South.
GLOBAL TIPPING POINTS REPORT 2025 AND THE ROLE OF SRM
The Global Tipping Points Report 2025 warns that warm-water coral reefs have passed an irreversible climate tipping point, affecting nearly one billion people and a quarter of marine life. The report also cautions that other critical systems, including ice sheets, rainforests, and ocean circulation, are rapidly approaching similar thresholds.
On the role of SRM, the report briefly mentions Solar Radiation Modification, noting that it may reduce some climate risks but could worsen others, with significant physical and political uncertainties. It stresses that SRM cannot substitute for emissions cuts or adaptation, and recommends a moratorium on deployment and large-scale experiments, paired with rigorous international research to assess both risks and potential benefits. See page 68 of the report for more details on SRM.
ENGINEERING & LOGISTICAL CONCERNS ADD LIMITATIONS TO SAI DEPLOYMENT
Columbia University study warns that SAI may face far greater practical limits than models suggest. Micro-level (engineering) hurdles and macro-level (supply and governance) constraints could sharply raise risks, costs, and uncertainty, especially for proposed solid aerosols like CaCO₃, TiO₂, Al₂O₃, ZrO₂, and diamond. Producing and dispersing sub-micron particles requires extreme pressure and heavy hardware, reducing payloads and causing clumping that slashes cooling efficiency. Scaled deployment could strain global mineral supplies, while fragmented governance risks uneven layers, disrupted rainfall, and ozone loss. Researchers conclude that supposedly safer solid materials may, in practice, be less effective and more expensive than traditional sulfate aerosols.
DEGREES GLOBAL FORUM 2025 CONFERENCE REPORT
The full Degrees Global Forum 2025 report is now online, summarizing the world’s largest solar geoengineering conference. The event brought together 300 participants from 49 countries for 18 plenaries, themed sessions, and workshops exploring SRM science, ethics, and governance, making it the largest gathering on SRM to date.
PLAN C FOR CIVILIZATION DOCUMENTARY PREMIERES AT DOC NYC
Plan C for Civilization will premiere at DOC NYC, spotlighting the emerging field of solar geoengineering as a potential climate response. The film examines scientific views, risks, governance challenges, and public debate. An in-person premiere is set for Nov. 13, with another screening Nov. 15 at Village East by Angelika in New York; an online screening runs Nov. 14–30. Both in-person events feature Q&A sessions with director Ben Kalina, producers, and field experts.
SRM SOCIAL SCIENCE WORKSHOP 2025 RESOURCES NOW ONLINE
The 2025 Resources for the Future and Harvard SRM Social Science Research Workshop took place earlier this fall, themed “Governance in a Fractured World,” featured 17 presentations from academics across 10+ countries exploring the risks, benefits, and uncertainties of solar radiation modification. Recordings, slides, papers, and a summary article outlining key social science themes are now available on the workshop website.
For a full recap of last month’s updates, check out our weekly summaries: WEEK 1 | WEEK 2 | WEEK 3 | WEEK 4 | WEEK 5
And here’s a quick short overview:
RESEARCH PAPERS & THESES
Wiley Online Library - The International Risk Governance Council: Reflections on a 20-Year Experiment in Support of Improved Risk Governance | Authors: M. Granger Morgan, Marie-Valentine Florin, Igor Linkov, et al.
PNAS - Emerging hemispheric asymmetry of Earth’s radiation | Authors: Norman G. Loeb, Tyler J. Thorsen, Seiji Kato, Fred G. Rose, et al.
ResearchGate - Rapid Strategies to Slow Polar Sea-Ice Loss: A Technology Concept Note | Authors: Marcel Krüger
ScienceDirect - Climate action in space: A sustainable development framework for sunshades at Sun-Earth Lagrange Point 1 | Authors: Jonas Bahlmann, Zizung Yoon, Vittorio Franzese, Enrico Stoll, Andreas M. Hein
ScienceDirect - Field data on sea ice restoration by artificial flooding in subarctic Canada | Authors: Cody C, Soroosh Afzali, Willem Schellingerhout, Tom Meijeraan, Fonger Ypma
AGU - Runaway Cooling From Large Solar Reductions Modulated by Ocean Overturning Circulation and Heat Uptake | Authors: Maya V. Chung, Wenchang Yang, Gabriel A. Vecchi
Springer Link - Opium for the Earth at the expense of nonhuman animals? Geoengineering and interspecies justice | Authors: Leonie N. Bossert
AGU - Investigation of Ship-Induced Mesoscale Circulation Mechanics and Aerosol Plume Spreading Rates | Authors: Lucas A. McMichael, Peter N. Blossey, Robert Wood, Sarah J. Doherty
ScienceDirect - Evaluation of climate intervention technologies for sustaining cities close to oil and gas operations: A sustainability and feasibility-based decision support system under molecular fuzzy set | Authors: Abdolvahhab Fetanat, Mohsen Tayebi
AGU - A Risk-Risk Assessment of Climate Extremes: Comparing Greenhouse Gas Warming and Stratospheric Aerosol Injection in UKESM1 | Authors: Alice F. Wells, James M. Haywood
AGU - Conditions Necessary for Chlorine Activation in the Midlatitude Summer Lower Stratosphere | Authors: Laila V. Howar, Ross J. Salawitch, David M. Wilmouth, et al.
AGU - Simulated Climate and Carbon Cycle Response to Arctic Ocean Albedo Modification | Authors: Jiu Jiang, Long Cao, Han Zhang
Science - Tracing stratospheric transport using subannual plutonium-239 fallout in polar ice cores | Authors: Jinhwa Shin, Seungmi Lee, Yeongcheol Han, Heejin Hwang et al.
Springer Link - Impacts of solar radiation modification on precipitation extremes in Central China | Authors: Zeqian Feng, Mou Leong Tan, Mohd Amirul et al.
ACS Publications - Selectively Transparent Tannic Acid-Grafted MoS2/Cu1.95S Heterojunction Membranes with Enhanced Photothermal Conversion | Authors: Tianbao Wu, Xueping Fan, Chao Wang, Guozhi Jia
IOP Science - Global and regional thermosteric and dynamic sea level change under stratospheric aerosol injection | Authors: Frédéric Bonou, Aubains Hounsou-Gbo A. Nathanael Dossa, et al.
Springer Link - Emergency geoengineering & the virtues of Earth stewardship | Authors: Allen Thompson
Nature - Effect of stratospheric aerosol injection on marine heatwave events off the coast of South Africa | Authors: Djoirka M. Dimoune, Babatunde J. Abiodun, et al.
Springer Link - Geoengineering prioritization: a study of a proposed expression of mitigation deterrence | Authors: Amanda Sie, Steven R. Brechin & Christopher P. Borick
Springer Link - Assessing the performance of solar radiation management geoengineering simulations | Authors: Michael F. Wehner
AGU - Assessing the Response of Surface Cloud Radiative Effects to Stratospheric Aerosol Injections Over West and Central Africa | Authors: Atanas Dommo, Francis Nkrumah, et al.
ACP - Unequal socioeconomic exposure to drought extremes induced by stratospheric aerosol injection | Authors: Weijie Fu, Xu Yue, Chenguang Tian, Rongbin Xu, and Yuming Guo
Frontiers - Africa’s regional and local climate response to stratospheric aerosol injection characteristics | Authors: Naomi Kumi, Caleb Mensah, Kwesi A. Quagraine, et al.
Nature - Engineering and logistical concerns add practical limitations to stratospheric aerosol injection strategies | Authors: Miranda Hack, V. Faye McNeill, Dan Steingart & Gernot Wagner
Sage Journal - A climate risk management typology: Integrating approaches to reduce risk | Authors: Camilla Hyslop , Tristram Walsh, Estelle Paulus, et al.
Frontiers - Commentary: “Safeguarding the polar regions from dangerous geoengineering: a critical assessment of proposed concepts and future prospects” | Authors: Matthew Henry, Alistair Duffey
ARXIV - Estimating high-resolution albedo for urban applications - Preprint | Authors: David Fork, Elizabeth Jane Wesley, Salil Banerjee, et al.
ARXIV - Shortwave Absorption by Alumina Aerosol Amplifies Stratospheric Warming - Preprint | Authors: Taveen Singh Kapoor, Prabhav Upadhyay, Jian Huang, Guodong Ren, John Cavin, et al.
RFF - Identifying stable and effective solar geoengineering coalitions - Preprint | Authors: Pietro Andreoni, Leonardo Chiani, Kate Ricke, Massimo Tavoni
ESS Open Archive - Distinguishing between the Short-Term Climate Responses to Different SAI Latitudes with Explainable Artificial Intelligence - Preprint | Authors: Cameron Dong, Elizabeth A. Barnes, Charlotte J Connolly
EGUSphere - Stratospheric aerosol forcing for CMIP7 (part 1): Optical properties for pre-industrial, historical, and scenario simulations (version 2.2.1) - Preprint | Authors: Thomas Jacques Aubry, Matthew Toohey, et al.
ESS Open Archive - Cirrus Cloud Thinning Simulations Constrained by Satellite Observations - Preprint | Authors: Ehsan Erfani
EGUSphere - Solar Radiation Modification is projected to increase land carbon storage and to protect the Amazon rainforest - Preprint | Authors: Isobel M. Parry, Paul D. L. Ritchie, Olivier Boucher, et al.
Research Square - Aerosol Effective Radiative Forcing Accelerates Earth’s Energy Imbalance In Recent Decades - Preprint | Authors: Tianle Yuan, Hua Song, Ryan Kramer, et al.
Earth Arxiv - Mitigation of Ultraviolet Solar Radiation Involving Calcite (MUSIC) - Preprint | Authors: Tanvi Nare, Prachi Prashant Thakkar, Darshini Kumar, Somya Mulla
E3S Conferences - Impact of Solar Radiation Management on Anomalous Temperature Side Effects of Climate Change in Papua Province, Indonesia - Conference Paper | Authors: Rahmat Gernowo, Hendri, Ahmad Faqih, et al.
Taylor & Francis - Rockets, Satellites, and Stratospheric Aerosol Injection: Regulating Human Impacts on Stratospheric Aerosols Under the Ozone Regime - Column | Authors: Daniel Bodansky & Nicolás E. Esguerra
eS Scholarship - Understanding Forced Pacific Climate Responses with Large Ensembles - Thesis | Authors: Xing, Chen
REPORTS & BOOKS
French Academy of Sciences - Climate geoengineering: call for caution and rigorous supervision
The Degrees Initiative - Degrees Global Forum on SRM - Conference Report
Global Tipping Points - The Global Tipping Points Report 2025
Andreas Malm and Wim Carton - The Long Heat: Climate Politics When It’s Too Late
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WEB POSTS
State of the Planet - How Hard Is It to Dim the Sun?
Science Daily - Scientists say dimming the sun could spark global chaos
New Scientist - Exclusive: Climate scientists expect attempts to dim the sun by 2100
Politifact - RFK Jr.’s ‘chemtrails’ probe shows the power conspiracy theories have to shape health policy
RFF - Addressing Social Science Questions About Solar Radiation Modification
IUCN World Conservation Congress - Developing a policy on geoengineering
Heatmap - Stardust Solutions, a Geoengineering Startup, Raises $60 Million to Build a Solar-Reflecting System by 2030
Healthy Climate Initiative - The Cooling Chronicle | Global Warming Could Reach 3°C by 2050
DSG - Confronting Climate Realities and Deliberating SRM at Climate Week NYC
CNN Health - It’s a bird! It’s a plane! It’s a chemtrail? A new conspiracy theory finds traction at Kennedy’s HHS
Euractiv - Can solar radiation management quicken global climate efforts?
Technosphere Earth - Climate tipping points should not be used to justify geoengineering
Yahoo News - MTG names her one positive to come from the shutdown: the end to ‘taxpayer-funded weather modification’ that isn’t really happening
Chris Martz - Contrails or Chemtrails? An Explainer for Dummies
DSG - The Compass for SRM: Collective Need Over Private Profit
ScienceDirect - Are we ready to dim the sun?
SilverLining - SilverLining Statement on the Funding Announcement of Atmospheric Intervention Company Stardust Solutions
Wyoming News - Lawmakers advance ‘geoengineering’ ban following concerns of harmful ‘chemtrails’
The Guide to a Gigaton - In support of geoengineering
LinkedIn - Why We are Conducting Geoengineering Research
The Degrees Initiative - Second Latin American and Caribbean SRM workshop fosters connections among experts
My Joy Online - Ghanaian youth affirm African leadership on climate justice, call for global non-use agreement on solar geoengineering
Science Feedback - Myths about weather control and geoengineering: here’s what you should know
Wyoming Public Media - ‘Chemtrail’ conspiracy guides Wyoming ‘geoengineering’ legislation
SRM360 - For-Profit Startup Secures $60 Million for Climate Cooling Technology
Clean Energy Wire - German gov’t firm on rejecting solar radiation management as climate policy option
Matt Blythe - Venture capital / startups x geoengineering
DSG - Strengthening Regional Capacity on SRM Governance: Reflections from our Collaborative Workshop in Bogota
Press Kit - Geoengineering: The European Commission decides, states pay, but have no say. The response to a question from the German government
Cepa - Cooling The Planet: The Geoengineering Gambit
WV News - Claims ‘chemtrails’ poison citizens spur Wyoming lawmakers to advance ‘geoengineering’ ban
Prospect - Scientists want to block out the sun. How worried should we be?
Inevitable & Obvious - How to Learn Everything You Need to Know About Climate Cooling
New Scientist - How pie-in-the-sky conspiracies distract from climate dangers
N+1 - Overshooters: If ever there were bullshit carbon credits carted off to the market, these were the ones
New Scientist - Letter: Geoengineering is going to be very challenging
University of Cape Town - UCT climate scientist on 2025 Forbes Sustainability Leaders list
Yahoo News - Florida airports start reporting banned ‘weather modification’ aircraft per chemtrails ban
SRM360 - Cooperation on Climate Is Hard – SRM Would Make It Harder
Scrolli - ‘We’re not prepared for non-linear climate change’
SilverLining - “Cooling Credits’ Are Not a Viable Climate Solution” from Climatic Change
The Conversation - A US startup plans to deliver ‘sunlight on demand’ after dark. Can it work – and would we want it to?
World Bank Blogs - Pollution, missing heat, and cyclones: what aerosols are doing to climate risk
Popular Mechanics - The Earth Is Getting Darker. That’s Not Good News
Grist - Atlanta is embracing a cheap, effective way to beat urban heat: ‘cool roofs’
TU Delft - Two and a half years of fruitful collaboration: TU Delft and Cambridge advance climate repair research
Inevitable & Obvious - The Architecture for Cooling Earth Is Finally Taking Shape
Frontiers - Solar geoengineering: growing scientific and political support for a non-use agreement
Good Men Project - What Are the Risks of Geoengineering to Fight Climate Change?
TCD - Researchers issue warning about ‘dangerous’ scheme to refreeze the Arctic: ‘Not feasible’
University of Chicago - CSEi Welcomes its Inaugural Cohort of Research Fellows
Earth.Org - Bering Strait Dam Proposal to Save AMOC Reignites Geoengineering Controversy
Medium - Cool the Planet, Fry the Future: The Trap of Solar Geoengineering
Grist - So many climate solutions, so few emissions reductions. A new book explains why
Politico Pro - Refreeze the Arctic? Scientists split over polar geoengineering
TCD - Researchers sound alarm over controversial plan to block ocean currents: ‘Unlikely to be socially acceptable’
Energy News - French Academy of Sciences warns of economic risks linked to solar geoengineering
LinkedIn - Geoengineering, Evidence, and the Ethics of Refusing to Know
SRM360 - Scientists Divided Over Polar Geoengineering Study
The Rogue Scholar - Manipulating the global thermostat
Hypothetical illustration of the effects of SAI deployment in only the Northern Hemisphere on water availability generated using Reflective’s free SAI simulator
(Source)
JOB OPPORTUNITIES
Centre for Climate Repair - Engagement Coordinator | UK | Deadline: 05 November 2025
SRM360 - Lead Writer / Editor | Remote
UPCOMING EVENTS
13 November | New York - Documentary Plan C For Civilization World Premiere
14 November | Online - Planetary Sunshade Foundation - annual update by Planetary Sunshade Foundation
14 - 30 November | Online - Documentary Plan C For Civilization World Premiere
15 November | New York - Documentary Plan C For Civilization World Premiere
01 December | Online & In-person (UK) - Good COP, Bad COP: First reflections on COP30 by Centre for Climate Repair
15-19 December | New Orleans, Louisiana - 2025 American Geophysical Union Meeting
9-13 March 2026 | Kyoto, Japan - CMIP Community Workshop (CMIP26)
21-26 June 2026 | United States - Gordon Research Conference - Bridging Observations, Models, and Impacts in Solar Radiation Modification Research
Solar Geoengineering Events Calendar
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PODCASTS
Green Street, The Environmental Health Show - The Science of Geoengineering – with Dr. Zeke Hausfather
Reviewer 2 does geoengineering - SRM hoses - Hyde
Reviewer 2 does geoengineering - More Moore - polar SRM research
Toke Lykkeberg - To Capture the Present Moment, You Either Write Historical Fiction or Science Fiction: Interview with Kim Stanley Robinson, Part 2
CBC Listen - What On Earth with Laura Lynch
Reversing Climate Change - I See a Darkness—The Climate Movement Expects Deep Overshoot
YOUTUBE VIDEOS
Healthy Planet Action Coalition - How Climate Intervention can Safely and Quickly Cool the Planet
Climate Emergency Forum - Who Decides: The Battle Over Geoengineering the Arctic
Tito - AirMiners - We need to buy time for carbon removal and decarbonization to scale
Healthy Climate Initiative - Cooling the Planet: Exploring Nature-Inspired Climate Interventions
Paul Beckwith - How our Darkening (Lower Albedo) Earth is Accelerating Climate Mayhem
Healthy Climate Initiative - Stratospheric Aerosol Injection and the Monsoon Webinar
Frontiers - Martin Siegert and colleagues | Safeguarding the polar regions from dangerous geoengineering
Euractiv - Grappling with accelerating climate risks
Innovinc Conferences - Solar Geoengineering is up to 14X More Efficient than CDR: The Global Albedo Oversight Crisis
Innovinc Conferences - Time Left Estimates to Critical Feedback/Loops: Proposed Annual Solar Geoengineering IPCC
SRM360 - Making Sense of Sea Ice and Solar Geoengineering
Clive Elsworth - Nature-based Ocean and Atmospheric Cooling (NOAC)
AARES/ARE-UWA - Geoengineering is coming - Wake Smith
Studium Generale Maastricht University - Geoengineering: a Technofix for the Climate? | Claudia Wieners | Jeroen Oomen
notredamebusiness - Climate Change: Why It Is Not Too Late—Chris Field
Common Ground Episode 6: Geoengineering - Good or Bad | Navigating Carbon
World Climate Research Programme - WCRP Lighthouse Activity: Virtual Workshop Series on Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI)-Session 1
World Climate Research Programme - WCRP Lighthouse Activity: Virtual Workshop Series on Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI)-Session 2
World Climate Research Programme - WCRP Lighthouse Activity: Virtual Workshop Series on Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI)-Session 3
World Climate Research Programme - WCRP Lighthouse Activity: Virtual Workshop Series on Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI)-Session 4
Robbie Tulip - Biblical Justification for Solar Geoengineering
Remove and Reflect Podcast - Engineering and logistical concerns add practical limitations to SAI strategies
Climate Strategies - Co-CREATE Seminar: Exploring Governance Analogues for SRM Research
Climate Chat - Climate Politics When It’s Too Late with Wim Carton
Centre for Climate Repair - Discover Climate Repair: Is this for real? with Mark Symes and Jane List
American Academy in Berlin - The Nature of the Future
Operaatio Arktis - James Hansen & Clare Farrell - Climate Reckoning in ATLAS25
SRM360 - Could Solar Geoengineering Help or Harm the Amazon?
Paris Peace Forum - SRM & Development: Estimating the Upside, Confronting the Limits
HARMONIA COST - Uncertain Skies: Why Measuring Aerosols Matters
Centre for Climate Repair - Discover Climate Repair: another kind of climate action
Doom Debates - Climate Change Is Stupidly EASY To Stop — Andrew Song, Cofounder of Make Sunsets
Healthy Planet Action Coalition - Community Discussion of Cynthia Sharf podcast and near-term cooling governance
UChicago Climate Systems Engineering initiative - Compton Lecture Series: Climate as a 4D Problem (Featuring David Keith)
Solar Geoengineering Non-Use Agreement - Session on “Solar Geoengineering: The Case for an International Non-Use Agreement” @NYC Climate Week
Chesapeake Climate Action Network - SRM & Climate Justice
International Space Science Institute - Earth Observations in the Era of Climate Overshoot: Novel Earth System Responses with Ben Poulter
Bao Nguyen - Grad. Admin Comparative Literature - Andreas Malm’s Public Lecture - Return of Repressed Heat: Towards a Freudo-Marxist Theory of Geoengineering
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