Pat,
How?
Mad skills, of course. 😉
Methodology?
I don't use any plugins for geodesic work (and I don't know of any of value.)
I use icosahedron subdivision methods that have been documented since Bucky Fuller's days.
Joseph Clinton did some of the original mathematical work for NASA:
Since then, several books have been published, describing methods and math. Most are no longer in print.
You can find the old "Domebook 2" online. The 2 most-relevant pages are posted, here, at the Geodesic Help Group:
For geometric modelling, Adrian Rossiter's
"Antiprism" is an excellent computer-application resource.
BTW, the original, large-scale image, of the "biome" diagram that you referenced, is available at deviantART:
Taff
(aka; TaffGoch, David Price)