Thirtyyears ago, on December 16, 1991, the UN General Assembly revoked its infamous resolution 3379, which had equated Zionism with racism. It was a great victory for the State of Israel, comparable to the 1947 UN partition resolution and the admission of Israel to the world body in 1949.
Resolution 3379 was adopted, by 72 in favor to 35 against, with 32 abstentions, in November 1975, a volatile moment in Middle East history. Two years earlier, Israel had emerged victorious from the Yom Kippur War, but at a heavy human cost. Following that war, Egypt, the most populous Arab country, renounced its traditional strategic alliance with the Soviet Union, prompting the latter to intensify efforts to woo the Arab world. During the 1973 war and the ensuing months, Arab oil-producing countries imposed an oil embargo against the United States and other Western nations in retaliation for their support of Israel.
Conditions conducive to the revocation of the Zionism equals racism resolution finally emerged in 1991. The Soviet Union, which had played a key role in the adoption of resolution 3379, was on the verge of disintegration. The defeat of Iraq in the first Gulf war had weakened not only the Bagdad regime but the radical anti-Western bloc in the Arab world. Importantly, the October 1991 Madrid Peace Conference had opened new horizons for a peaceful resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Some UN diplomats expressed doubts that such a short resolution, which did not even mention Zionism, would suffice. However, the fierce opposition of the PLO and its allies to the short text made clear that Israel had chosen the right formula. The rescinding resolution was adopted by 111 to 25, with 13 abstentions. Fifteen countries, including Egypt, Morocco, and several other moderate Arab countries, chose not to participate.
By revoking resolution 3379, the UN determined that Zionism is not a form of racism, a determination it has not made regarding any other national movement. Clearly, this has been a setback for those seeking to use the UN as a platform to advance their extreme anti-Israel agenda. Will they learn from this experience and act differently in the future?
Between 50 and 70 million American adults struggle with chronic sleep and wakefulness disorders. Dyssomnia refers to the collection of sleep disorders that negatively impact the quantity and quality of sleep. With dyssomnia, you might struggle to fall asleep at night, which is a symptom of insomnia, or feel the need to sleep excessively, which is called hypersomnolence.
Additionally, common symptoms of dyssomnia include excessive daytime sleepiness or feeling unrested when you wake up in the morning. More specific symptoms vary depending on the type of sleep disorder you are experiencing. Unlike parasomnias, dyssomnias generally do not involve irregular physical actions while asleep.
Dyssomnia can be caused by any number of factors, including sleep disorders, mental health disorders, and other medical disorders. When talking with your healthcare provider about dyssomnia, it is helpful to provide a clear picture of your habits and lifestyle. This includes any information about medications you are taking, your alcohol and drug use, and any recent life events that have changed your sleep habits. All of these experiences can impact your sleep.
People with obstructive sleep apnea experience a partial or complete collapse of the upper airway Trusted Source Merck ManualFirst published in 1899 as a small reference book for physicians and pharmacists, the Manual grew in size and scope to become one of the most widely used comprehensive medical resources for professionals and consumers.View Source while they sleep. This respiratory sleep disorder can cause you to snore, choke, snort, and temporarily stop breathing during your sleep. In the morning, you may feel unrested and have a headache. Throughout the day, you might struggle to stay awake and experience excessive daytime sleepiness.
Diagnosis for obstructive sleep apnea typically comes from a sleep study. Your healthcare provider may then suggest a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device or surgical procedure to improve breathing during sleep. Other treatments include limiting alcohol intake and weight loss.
Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder in which the brain does not properly regulate the sleep-wake cycle Trusted Source National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)NINDS aims to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease.View Source . As a result, people with narcolepsy frequently experience excessive daytime sleepiness regardless of how much sleep they get at night. Other symptoms include cataplexy, or sudden muscle weakness and loss of control, sleep paralysis, and hallucinations.
Insomnia is a sleep disorder that negatively impacts your ability to fall asleep Trusted Source Medline PlusMedlinePlus is an online health information resource for patients and their families and friends.View Source and/or stay asleep. Short-term insomnia lasts a month or less, often caused by life events. Chronic insomnia lasts longer than a month and may be linked to other medical conditions or lifestyle habits. As many as 33% of adults Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.View Source experience chronic insomnia.
Symptoms of insomnia include lying awake at night, sleeping in short bouts, waking up too early, and feeling as if you have not slept at all. Treatment options include cognitive behavioral therapy to address underlying mental health concerns and medications to relieve insomnia symptoms.
Restless legs syndrome is characterized by uncontrollable movement Trusted Source Merck ManualFirst published in 1899 as a small reference book for physicians and pharmacists, the Manual grew in size and scope to become one of the most widely used comprehensive medical resources for professionals and consumers.View Source of the legs, arms, and sometimes other body parts. These uncontrolled movements are often accompanied by an uncomfortable crawling sensation. Symptoms typically occur when you are inactive or resting, often peaking at bedtime. The symptoms may make falling asleep difficult and can wake you out of your sleep. As a result, you feel unrested in the morning. Numerous drugs can reduce the pain from the syndrome and reduce or eliminate symptoms.
Similar to restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movement disorder interrupts your sleep with unwanted, frequent movements. Periodic limb movement disorder can cause repetitive kicking or twitching of the legs and arms during sleep. These movements can happen as frequently as every 20 to 40 seconds. Due to poor sleep, you may experience excessive daytime sleepiness. The drugs prescribed to treat periodic limb movement disorder are usually the same as those used to treat restless legs syndrome.
People with hypersomnia experience frequent excessive daytime sleepiness Trusted Source National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)NINDS aims to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease.View Source and may fall asleep at inappropriate times during the day. They often struggle to wake up even after a long period of sleep. Naps do not always relieve the symptoms. Hypersomnia may have an underlying cause, such as narcolepsy, medication, or a medical disorder. Drug therapy may reduce the symptoms of excessive sleepiness.
Poor sleep hygiene can negatively impact both the quantity and quality of sleep you get at night. Without sufficient sleep, you may feel sleepy during the day and struggle to concentrate. A lack of sleep can also impact your ability to drive.
Nocturnal eating syndrome is an eating disorder defined as consuming 25% or more of your daily calories Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.View Source after dinner or during the night. Additional symptoms include insomnia, the need to eat in order to fall asleep, and depressed mood at night. The syndrome appears to be related to a misalignment between the circadian rhythm and rhythm of food intake.
Circadian rhythm sleep disorders are the result of irregularities in the circadian rhythm Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.View Source or misalignment of the circadian rhythm with the environment, such as the light-darkness cycle. They may cause insomnia or excessive sleepiness, as well as irritability and depression.
Shift work disorder causes you to be misaligned with traditional waking and sleeping hours, which can make falling asleep or staying asleep difficult. The severity of these symptoms depends on the frequency of the shift work, length of the shifts, and frequency of changed shifts.
Treatment of symptoms includes exposure to bright light when you should be awake and ensuring your bedroom is dark and quiet. You can also wear sunglasses on your way home in the daytime to prevent light exposure before you go to sleep. In more severe cases, sleep aids and wake-promoting drugs can help you manage a consistent sleep-wake schedule.
Delayed sleep phase syndrome is common among adolescents. With this disorder, you tend to fall asleep later and wake later than normal. If you must wake up earlier than desired to attend class or work, you likely feel groggy or sleepy during the day. Importantly, people who experience delayed sleep-phase syndrome cannot fall asleep earlier, even when they want to. Treatment options include light therapy and melatonin supplements Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.View Source before bedtime.
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