Fundamental Of Statistics

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Officialstatistics provide an indispensable element in the information system of a democratic society, serving the government, the economy and the public with data about the economic, demographic, social and environmental situation. To this end, official statistics that meet the test of practical utility are to be compiled and made available on an impartial basis by official statistical agencies to honour citizens' entitlement to public information.

To retain trust in official statistics, the statistical agencies need to decide according to strictly professional considerations, including scientific principles and professional ethics, on the methods and procedures for the collection, processing, storage and presentation of statistical data.

Data for statistical purposes may be drawn from all types of sources, be they statistical surveys or administrative records. Statistical agencies are to choose the source with regard to quality, timeliness, costs and the burden on respondents.

Individual data collected by statistical agencies for statistical compilation, whether they refer to natural or legal persons, are to be strictly confidential and used exclusively for statistical purposes.

Fundamental research in statistics includes developing new theory to validate statistical procedures, generalizing probability models for random processes, developing new nonparametric methodology for machine learning applications, establishing the asymptotic theory behind new statistical methods and proving new approaches for experiments that cannot be handled by traditional statistical methods. Areas of interest among our faculty include:

This accessible introduction to statistics using the program SPSS for Windows explains when to apply and how to calculate and interpret a wide range of statistical procedures commonly used in the social sciences. Keeping statistical symbols and formulae to a minimum and using simple examples, this book:

* assumes no prior knowledge of statistics or computing

* includes a concise introduction to the program SPSS for Windows

* describes a wider range of tests than other introductory texts

* contains a comprehensive range of exercises with answers

Fundamental Statistics for Social Research covers SPSS Release 6 for Windows 3.1 and Release 7 for Windows 95. It will prove an invaluable introductory statistics text for students, and a useful resource for graduates and professionals engaged in research in the social sciences.

The United Nations Statistical Commission adopted the fundamental principles of official statistics in 1994 at the global level, which were then adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 2014. In 2018, the ILO Director-General fully committed to these principles:

The ILO Department of Statistics is the focal point to the United Nations on labour statistics. We develop international standards for better measurement of labour issues and enhanced international comparability; provide relevant, timely and comparable labour statistics; and help Member States develop and improve their labour statistics.

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Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. In other words, it is a mathematical discipline to collect, summarize data. Also, we can say that statistics is a branch of applied mathematics. However, there are two important and basic ideas involved in statistics; they are uncertainty and variation. The uncertainty and variation in different fields can be determined only through statistical analysis. These uncertainties are basically determined by the probability that plays an important role in statistics.

Statistics is simply defined as the study and manipulation of data. As we have already discussed in the introduction that statistics deals with the analysis and computation of numerical data. Let us see more definitions of statistics given by different authors here.

The basics of statistics include the measure of central tendency and the measure of dispersion. The central tendencies are mean, median and mode and dispersions comprise variance and standard deviation.

In the case of descriptive statistics, the data or collection of data is described in summary. But in the case of inferential stats, it is used to explain the descriptive one. Both these types have been used on large scale.

We attempt to interpret the meaning of descriptive statistics using inferential statistics. We utilise inferential statistics to convey the meaning of the collected data after it has been collected, evaluated, and summarised. The probability principle is used in inferential statistics to determine if patterns found in a study sample may be extrapolated to the wider population from which the sample was drawn. Inferential statistics are used to test hypotheses and study correlations between variables, and they can also be used to predict population sizes. Inferential statistics are used to derive conclusions and inferences from samples, i.e. to create accurate generalisations.

In Statistics, summary statistics are a part of descriptive statistics (Which is one of the types of statistics), which gives the list of information about sample data. We know that statistics deals with the presentation of data visually and quantitatively. Thus, summary statistics deals with summarizing the statistical information. Summary statistics generally deal with condensing the data in a simpler form, so that the observer can understand the information at a glance. Generally, statisticians try to describe the observations by finding:

Thus, the summary statistics table shows that 4 students in the class have O blood group, 4 students have A blood group, 7 students in the class have B blood group and 5 students in the class have AB blood group. The summary statistics table is generally used to represent the big data related to population, unemployment, and the economy to be summarized systematically to interpret the accurate result.

Statistics is used in many sectors such as psychology, geology, sociology, weather forecasting, probability and much more. The goal of statistics is to gain understanding from the data, it focuses on applications, and hence, it is distinctively considered as a mathematical science.

In statistics, the dispersion measures help interpret data variability, i.e. to understand how homogenous or heterogeneous the data is. In simple words, it indicates how squeezed or scattered the variable is. However, there are two types of dispersion measures, absolute and relative. They are tabulated as below:

In statistical analysis, the degree of freedom is used for the values that are free to change. The independent data or information that can be moved while estimating a parameter is the degree of freedom of information.

Frequently Asked Questions on StatisticsQ1 What exactly is statistics?Statistics is a branch that deals with the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, organisation, and presentation of data. Mathematically, statistics is defined as the set of equations, which are used to analyse things.

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